This paper examines the effects of normal and lateral high-speed impacts on carbon fiberreinforced polymer laminates. Experimental tests were conducted at varying velocities (120-200 m/s), and the differing damage modes between normal and lateral impacts were analyzed. Dynamic finite element analysis was performed to simulate the damage process using the finite element software ABAQUS. The simulation shows a good correlation with the experimental results.Keywords: carbon fiber-reinforced polymer (CFRP), high-speed impact, lateral impact, finite element analysis.
Introduction.Composite materials are popular in aviation and automotive industries due to their mechanical properties, such as high in-plane strength and stiffness with respect to density, and good shock absorption performance [1]. As a result, the percentage of composite materials in airframes, engines, and similar structures has been on the rise. The Boeing 787 DreamLiner comprises 50% composite materials. Similarly, the F404 turbofan engine case and GE90 turbofan engine fan blades also contain a significant amount of composite materials. Composite materials are also popular in stealth aircraft production because they absorb microwaves. The B-2 stealth bomber and F-22 fighter have 35% and 40% shares of composite materials, respectively [2].Foreign object damage (FOD) is the impact damage to aircraft engines, airframes, and other structural components caused by foreign objects. Foreign objects include items such as stones, screws, or birds. The concept of FOD started with the U.S. Air Force in the 1950s [3] and has been an important facet of aviation research ever since. Engineers now build advanced aircraft with FOD factors in mind [3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14]. Globally, FOD causes a loss of approximately $13 billion per year. Forty percent of turbofan engine renovations are caused by FOD [15].Composite materials are widely used in aircrafts, and FOD resistance is critically important for aircraft design. Therefore, multiple studies have been conducted on FOD performance for aviation composite materials. In 1985, Cantwell and Morton [16] analyzed non-destructive detection techniques to explore the advantages and disadvantages of each method to detect impact damage on composite materials; in 1989, they conducted low-and high-velocity impact tests. These tests revealed that high-velocity impacts are not governed by specimen size, and that they are more detrimental to the composite structure than low-velocity impacts with the same impact energy [17,18]. In 2003, Tanabe et al. [19] performed high-velocity impact tests for composite materials of different reinforcing fibers and different matrix materials. They found that the material properties of reinforcing fibers and matrixes strongly affect the impact resistance of composite materials. In 2005, Johnson and Pentecôte [20] used shell elements to conduct a numerical simulation of high-velocity impacts on a double-walled composite structure. In 2008, Hazell