Experimental and Computational Studies of Structure and Bonding in Parent and Reduced Forms of the Azo Dye Orange II

Abstract

The structure and bonding of the azo dye Orange II (Acid Orange 7) in parent and reduced forms have been studied using NMR, infrared, Raman, UV-visible, and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy, allied with density functional theory (DFT) calculations on three hydrazone models (no sulfonate, anionic sulfonate, and protonated sulfonate) and one azo model (protonated sulfonate). The calculated structures of the three hydrazone models are similar to each other and that of the model without a sulfonate group (Solvent Yellow 14) closely matches its reported crystal structure. The 1H and 13C NMR resonances of Orange II, assigned directly from 1D and 2D experimental data, indicate that it is present as > or = 95% hydrazone in aqueous solution, and as a ca. 70:30 hydrazone:azo mixture in dimethyl sulfoxide at 300 K. Overall, the experimental data from Orange II are matched well by calculations on the hydrazone model with a protonated sulfonate group; the IR, Raman, and UV-visible spectra of Orange II are assigned to specific vibrational modes and electronic transitions calculated for this model. The EPR spectrum obtained on one-electron reduction of Orange II by the 2-hydroxy-2-propyl radical (*CMe2OH) at pH 4 is attributed to the hydrazyl radical produced on protonation of the radical anion. Calculations on reduced forms of the model dyes support this assignment, with electron spin density on the two nitrogen atoms and the naphthyl ring; in addition, they provide estimates of the structures, vibrational spectra, and electronic transitions of the radicals.

Substituent effects on absorption spectra of pH indicators: An experimental and computational study of sulfonphthaleine dyes

“…[69][70][71] Several groups have studied dye molecules with TD-DFT [72][73][74][75][76][77] and extensive benchmark studies have been performed by Jacquemin et al [66,[78][79][80][81][82][83][84] They have shown that more conventional hybrid functionals, such as B3LYP, perform quite well in general, but long-range corrected functionals provide a beneficial effect for dyes exhibiting CT character. A diagnostic tool has been developed by Peach et al to determine the magnitude of the CT and thus the likeliness of artifacts.…”

Femtochemistry of orange II in solution and in chemical and biological nanocavities

“…It has been reported that it exists under azoenol (AZO) and ketohydrazone (HYZ) forms ( Fig. 1) (15)(16)(17)(18)(19)(20). In a water solution, for example, the H-atom within the O-H .…”

“…. N intramolecular H-bond is shifted to the nitrogen site, making HYZ structure the most stable one (Ϸ95%) (20). In DMSO, the HYZ population decreases to 70%, and in solid state it becomes the only populated structure (20).…”

“…N intramolecular H-bond is shifted to the nitrogen site, making HYZ structure the most stable one (Ϸ95%) (20). In DMSO, the HYZ population decreases to 70%, and in solid state it becomes the only populated structure (20). Recent x-ray studies of phenyl substituted 1-(arylazo)-2-naphthols showed that this kind of molecules displaying HYZ-AZO tautomerism can form intramolecular resonance-assisted H-bonds from pure N-H .…”

“…The inclusion complexes of OII and CDs have been studied by several groups showing the formation of a 1:1 entity (24)(25)(26)(27)(28)(29)(30)(31)(32)(33)(34)(35). So far, the CD inclusion complex studies have considered that OII in water solutions exists under AZO tautomer, contrary to many studies in solutions where OII coexists under AZO and HYZ forms (5)(6)(7)(8)(9)(10)(11)(12)(13)(14)(15)(16)(17)(18)(19)(20). Recently, ultrafast transient lens technique with a response function of Ϸ300 fs has been used to study the dynamics of OII in CD (36).…”