“…1), such as graphene, carbon nanotubes (CNTs), fullerene, nanodiamonds (NDs), biochar (BC), carbon fiber (CF), ordered mesoporous carbon (OMC), and graphene-like carbon materials. [55][56][57][58] Despite that many kinds of carbon substrates possess unique structures and fascinating properties, 59,60 they are generally inactive as PMS/PDS activation catalysts without proper structure and surface property engineering due to their electroneutrality. Structural engineering of carbon matrix by physicochemical methods is thus essential to impart activity (Fig.…”