Experimental and theoretical studies of air breakdown by intense pulse of light

Nelson, Peter G.; Veyrie, P.; Berry, M.; Durand, Yves

doi:10.1016/0031-9163(64)90465-2

Cited by 29 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 1 publication

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“…2. When the target is exposed to the extremely high irradiance (typical pulse duration is less than 1 sec μ and fluence rate is more than 10 10 W/cm 2 ), a phenomenon called optical breakdown occurs [5,[28][29][30]. The laser creates numerous ionized molecules and free electrons.…”

Section: Plasma-induced Ablationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…When a nanosecond pulse interacts with a target, the photon energy is converted to the kinetic energy of electrons (macroscopically, the heat energy) and subsequently, a number of thermions are emitted. During the interaction between the Q-switched nanosecond pulse and targets, such as tissue or industrial material, the plasma is initiated by means of a thermionic process [29][30][31]. Usually, thermal and mechanical damage accompany this process.…”

Section: Thermionic Emissionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Advent of Laser Therapies in Dermatology and Urology: Underlying Mechanisms, Recent Trends and Future Directions

Lee

Jeong

Chan³

2009

Journal of the Optical Society of Korea

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Following their applications in cardiology, ophthalmology and dentistry among others, the advent of lasers in dermatology and urology had become the success story of the past decade. Laser-assisted treatments in dermatology and urology are mainly based on the laser-induced tissue injury/coagulation and/or ablation, depending upon the desirable clinical endpoint. In this review, we discussed the underlying mechanisms of the laser induced tissue ablation. In any medical laser application, the controlled thermal injury and coagulation, and the extent of ablation, if required, are critical. The laser thermal mechanism of injury is intricately related to the selective absorption of light and its exposure duration, similarly to the laser induced ablation. The laser ablation mechanisms were categorized into four different categories (the photo-thermally induced ablation, the photo-mechanically induced ablation, the plasma induced ablation and the photoablation) and their fundamentals are herein described. The brief history of laser treatment modality in dermatology and urology are summarized.

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Section: Plasma-induced Ablationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Thermionic Emissionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Advent of Laser Therapies in Dermatology and Urology: Underlying Mechanisms, Recent Trends and Future Directions

Lee

Jeong

Chan³

2009

Journal of the Optical Society of Korea

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“…[3][4][5] During the past century, extensive efforts have been taken on the study of laser induced gas breakdown with various laser wavelengths [6][7][8], laser pulse widths, [9,10] focal areas [11], pressures [12], and gas media [13]. The combination of all these factors determines the gas breakdown energy threshold and electron number denisty.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Quantitative Measurements of Electron Number Density and Threshold for Laser Induced Breakdown in Air

Liu

Sawyer

2015

46th AIAA Plasmadynamics and Lasers Conference

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In this paper, quantitative measurements of the electron number density and threshold energy for laser-induced breakdown in air at various pressures were conducted by utilizing dielectrics-calibrated coherent microwave scattering. The influence of pressure on the threshold energy for laser induced breakdown in air was investigated, ranging from atmospheric to 40 bar gauge pressure. The laser induced breakdown threshold energy in air was found to decrease as the pressure increased up to 40 bar. The 1 st -3 rd harmonics of a Nd:YAG laser (i.e. 1064 nm, 532 nm, and 355 nm) were utilized to examine the wavelength dependence of the threshold energy. It was found that the shorter wavelength has lower energy threshold. Quantitative measurements of electron density were conducted via dielectrics-calibrated coherent microwave scattering. The electron density was found to be 10 14 -10 17 /cm 3 . Dependence of breakdown threshold on local laser power density was quantitatively determined. New standard for laser-induced breakdown threshold is defined as ~5×10 15 /cm 3 at atmospheric pressure.

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“…The interaction of the intense light radiation with the targeted material leads to the generation of free electrons and to the formation of a plasma volume. Particularly in gases and liquids, the plasma formation is followed by a rapid thermoelastic expansion and successive collapse of the ionized volume, leading to the emission of an acoustic pulse 14 , 15 . Figure 1 shows a conceptual diagram of the physical processes behind laser-induced breakdown (LIB) in gases.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Laser-sound: optoacoustic transduction from digital audio streams

Kaleris

Stelzner

Hatziantoniou

et al. 2021

Sci Rep

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This work presents a novel laser-based optoacoustic transducer capable of reproducing controlled and continuous sound of arbitrary complexity in the air or on solid targets. Light-to-sound transduction is achieved via laser-induced breakdown, leading to the formation of plasma acoustic sources in any desired spatial location. The acoustic signal is encoded into pulse streams via a discrete-time audio modulation and is reproduced by fast consecutive excitation of the target medium with appropriately modulated laser pulses. This results in the signal being directly reconstructed at the desired location of the target medium without the need for a receiver or demodulation device. In this work, the principles and evaluation results of such a novel laser-sound prototype system are presented. The performance of the prototype is evaluated by systematic experimental measurements of audio test signals, from which the basic acoustical response is derived. Moreover, a generic computational model is presented that allows for the simulation of laser-sound reproduction of 1-bit or multibit audio streams. The model evaluations are validated by comparison with the acoustic measurements, whereby a good agreement is found. Finally, the computational model is used to simulate an ideal optoacoustic transducer based on the specifications of state-of-the-art commercially available lasers.

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Experimental and theoretical studies of air breakdown by intense pulse of light

Cited by 29 publications

References 1 publication

The Advent of Laser Therapies in Dermatology and Urology: Underlying Mechanisms, Recent Trends and Future Directions

The Advent of Laser Therapies in Dermatology and Urology: Underlying Mechanisms, Recent Trends and Future Directions

Quantitative Measurements of Electron Number Density and Threshold for Laser Induced Breakdown in Air

Laser-sound: optoacoustic transduction from digital audio streams

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