Experimental behaviour of 3-D column subassemblages with semi-rigid joints

Component method for end plate joints, modeling of 3D frames: literature review

“…Theoretical studies are presented in [59]. [60] and [61] present a full-scale test and corresponding calculations for such a case. [62] and [63] present test and analytical results for such cases with different bolted joints.…”

The semi-rigid behaviour of three-dimensional steel beam-to-column joints subjected to proportional loading. Part I. Experimental evaluation

“…Few references are available accounting for three-dimensional out-of-plane behaviour with joints in both axes. Gibbons, Kirby and Nethercot tested several type of joints in three-dimensional frames [17]. Janss, Jaspart and Maquoi also reported tests for three-dimensional and minor axis joints [18].…”

Numerical analysis of the component column web in tension with additional plates: stiffness evaluation.

“…2D joints have been widely studied and some of this knowledge has been compiled in modern codes like Eurocode 3 [10]. However, 3D joints have been less studied because the iteration between major and minor axis is a source of complexity in the models [11][12]. In practice, it is common to adopt a pinned connection in the minor axis to avoid this iteration.…”