Experimental Design Methodology for the Preparation of Activated Carbon from Sewage Sludge by Chemical Activation Process

Sheha, Dania; Khalaf, Hasan; Daghestani, Nader

doi:10.1007/s13369-012-0470-4

Cited by 14 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…As a result, large variation in surface area (BET surface area = 127 and 1800 m 2 /g) was observed when KOH was used as activating agent at similar carbonization temperature (700-750 C) but for different carbonization periods of 30 min and 2 h (Li et al, 2018;Monsalvo et al, 2011). In the present study, slightly higher surface area (564 m 2 /g) was observed under the optimum preparation conditions (impregnation ratio = 1:2.26, carbonization temperature = 500 C and carbonization time = 30 min) as compared to that reported in other studies explored ZnCl 2 as activating agent (Li et al, 2016;Sheha et al, 2013).…”

Section: Characterization Of the Adsorbent Prepared Under Optimum Conditionscontrasting

confidence: 47%

“…A comparison of preparation conditions and properties of the synthesized SS_AC with previous literature is presented in Table S6 (supplementary information). It was found that the activation temperature for all the SS derived ACs was varied between 450 and 750 C while the activation time was ranged between 30 min to 2 h. A variety of activating agents such as KOH (Li et al, 2018;Monsalvo et al, 2011), ZnCl 2 (Li et al, 2016;Sheha et al, 2013) and H 3 PO 4 (Aliakbari et al, 2018;Boualem et al, 2014) have been used for activation of SS. As a result, large variation in surface area (BET surface area = 127 and 1800 m 2 /g) was observed when KOH was used as activating agent at similar carbonization temperature (700-750 C) but for different carbonization periods of 30 min and 2 h (Li et al, 2018;Monsalvo et al, 2011).…”

Section: Characterization Of the Adsorbent Prepared Under Optimum Conditionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Optimization for the conditions to prepare sewage sludge derived adsorbent and ciprofloxacin adsorption

Yadav

Singh

Garg

2021

Water Environment Research

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In the present study, sewage sludge (SS) was used to synthesize activated carbon (AC) which was further utilized as adsorbent for the removal of ciprofloxacin (CPX) from synthetic wastewater. The adsorbent was prepared by chemical activation method using ZnCl 2 as activating agent. Design of experiments (DOE) approach was explored to determine the optimum operating conditions for the synthesis of AC and CPX removal from the wastewater. The optimum conditions for AC synthesis (i.e., carbonization temperature = $500 C, activation time = 30 min, and impregnation ratio = 2.26) were decided based on results for three response parameters, that is, adsorbent yield, methylene blue removal, and iodine number. The synthesized adsorbent showed $93% CPX removal (initial CPX concentration = 100 mg/L) at the following optimum conditions: adsorbent dose = 1.31 g/L, pH = 7 and reaction time = 12 h. Langmuir isotherm model was best fit to the equilibrium adsorption data (maximum adsorption capacity of SS derived AC = 102 mg/g) whereas pseudo-second order model showed the best fit to adsorption kinetic data (adsorption capacity = 77.5 mg/g). An effort was also made to reduce fresh water requirement for adsorbent synthesis by recycling the wastewater produced during chemical activation of SS. Practitioner points• Experiment design approach was used for optimization of adsorbent preparation conditions and CPX removal conditions by waste derived adsorbent.• Sewage sludge derived adsorbent had BET surface area of 564 m 2 /g which is comparable to commercial activated carbon.• 93% CPX adsorption with the sewage sludge derived adsorbent at optimum conditions.• Langmuir model better suited the CPX adsorption data.• Wastewater recycling and ZnO recovery from wastewater produced during adsorbent synthesis were performed.

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Section: Characterization Of the Adsorbent Prepared Under Optimum Conditionscontrasting

confidence: 47%

Section: Characterization Of the Adsorbent Prepared Under Optimum Conditionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Optimization for the conditions to prepare sewage sludge derived adsorbent and ciprofloxacin adsorption

Yadav

Singh

Garg

2021

Water Environment Research

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“…In Supporting Table S4, our results are compared with previous works that used DoE and RSM to prepare biochars from various carbonaceous precursors. ,,− Comparing results from different DoE analyses and conditions is unreliable. Still, it can be inferred that an optimum method of preparation of carbon-based materials depends on the carbon source properties and the desired outcome.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Preparation and Characterization of Pulp and Paper Mill Sludge-Activated Biochars Using Alkaline Activation: A Box–Behnken Design Approach

et al. 2022

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This study utilized pulp and paper mill sludge as a carbon source to produce activated biochar adsorbents. The response surface methodology (RSM) application for predicting and optimizing the activated biochar preparation conditions was investigated. Biochars were prepared based on a Box–Behnken design (BBD) approach with three independent factors (i.e., pyrolysis temperature, holding time, and KOH:biomass ratio), and the responses evaluated were specific surface area (SSA), micropore area ( S micro ), and mesopore area ( S meso ). According to the RSM and BBD analysis, a pyrolysis temperature of 800 °C for 3 h of holding and an impregnation ratio of 1:1 (biomass:KOH) are the optimum conditions for obtaining the highest SSA (885 m 2 g –1 ). Maximized S micro was reached at 800 °C, 1 h and the ratio of 1:1, and for maximizing S meso (569.16 m 2 g –1 ), 800 °C, 2 h and ratio 1:1.5 (445–473 m 2 g –1 ) were employed. The biochars presented different micro- and mesoporosity characteristics depending on pyrolysis conditions. Elemental analysis showed that biochars exhibited high carbon and oxygen content. Raman analysis indicated that all biochars had disordered carbon structures with structural defects, which can boost their properties, e.g., by improving their adsorption performances. The hydrophobicity–hydrophilicity experiments showed very hydrophobic biochar surfaces. The biochars were used as adsorbents for diclofenac and amoxicillin. They presented very high adsorption performances, which could be explained by the pore filling, hydrophobic surface, and π–π electron–donor–acceptor interactions between aromatic rings of both adsorbent and adsorbate. The biochar with the highest surface area (and highest uptake performance) was subjected to regeneration tests, showing that it can be reused multiple times.

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“…The subsequent activation procedure can be either chemical or physical. In chemical activation, the precursor (either sewage sludge or pre-carbonized sludge) is mixed with a reagent, such as H 3 PO 4 [13,14], H 2 SO 4 [15,16], NaOH [17,18], KOH [17,19,20], K 2 CO 3 [14,15], or ZnCl 2 [21,22] and then heated up to a high temperature under an inert atmosphere. Physical activation is usually carried out through a two-step process.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Production of magnetic sewage sludge biochar: investigation of the activation mechanism and effect of the activating agent and temperature

Sierra

Iriarte‐Velasco

Ayastuy

et al. 2022

Biomass Conv. Bioref.

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Sewage sludge-based porous materials were prepared through an integrated and energy-saving procedure that combines chemical activation with an alkali (NaOH or K2CO3) and physical activation with CO2 in a single step. The study was conducted in a wide temperature range (600–1000 °C), using higher temperatures than those commonly used. From the standpoint of textural properties, the impregnation results in a decrease in the optimum activation temperature: 800 °C for untreated samples, and 600–700 °C for impregnated samples. The impregnation increases the amount of –OH and –NH functional groups, and it also leads to the generation of new oxygen- and/or nitrogen-containing functionalities (above 800 °C for the impregnation with K2CO3 and in the whole temperature range for the impregnation with NaOH). The chemical treatment favors the development of magnetic properties on biochars, which is an advantage for its reuse in wastewater treatment, since it favors the removal of anionic surfactants and heavy metals such as lead, copper, zinc, and manganese. The uptake of phenol and methylene blue (MB) is maximized with the combination of the impregnation (with NaOH for phenol and K2CO3 for MB) and the use of a moderate temperature (600–700 °C). The optimum uptake values represent an increase of 87% and 152% for MB and phenol, respectively, compared to the highest value of non-impregnated samples (activated at 800 °C), with the advantage of the lower temperature required. Graphical abstract

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Experimental Design Methodology for the Preparation of Activated Carbon from Sewage Sludge by Chemical Activation Process

Cited by 14 publications

References 14 publications

Optimization for the conditions to prepare sewage sludge derived adsorbent and ciprofloxacin adsorption

Optimization for the conditions to prepare sewage sludge derived adsorbent and ciprofloxacin adsorption

Preparation and Characterization of Pulp and Paper Mill Sludge-Activated Biochars Using Alkaline Activation: A Box–Behnken Design Approach

Production of magnetic sewage sludge biochar: investigation of the activation mechanism and effect of the activating agent and temperature

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