Experimental determination of magnetic field correction factors for ionization chambers in parallel and perpendicular orientations

Abstract

Magnetic field correction factors are needed for absolute dosimetry in magnetic resonance (MR)-linacs. Currently experimental data for magnetic field correction factors, especially for small volume ionization chambers, are largely lacking. The purpose of this work is to establish, independent methods for the experimental determination of magnetic field correction factors k B ⃗ , Q in an orientation in which the ionization chamber is parallel to the magnetic field. The aim is to confirm previous experiments on the determination of Farmer type ionization chamber correction factors and to gather information about the usability of small-volume ionization chambers for absolute dosimetry in MR-linacs. The first approach to determine k B ⃗ , Q is based on a cross-calibration of measurements using a conventional linac with an electromagnet and an MR-linac. The absolute influence of the magnetic field in perpendicular orientation is quantified with the help of the conventional linac and the electromagnet. The correction factors for the parallel orientation are then derived by combining these measurements with relative measurements in the MR-linac. The second technique utilizes alanine electron paramagnetic resonance dosimetry. The alanine system as well as several ionization chambers were directly calibrated with the German primary standard for absorbed dose to water. Magnetic field correction factors for the ionization chambers were determined by a cross-calibration with the alanine in an MR-linac. Important quantities like k B ⃗ , Q for Farmer type ionization chambers in parallel orientation and the change of the dose to water due the magnetic field c B ⃗ have been confirmed. In addition, magnetic field correction factors have been determined for small volume ionization chambers in parallel orientation. The electromagnet-based measurements of k B ⃗ , Q for 7 MV / 1.5 T MR-linacs and parallel ionization chamber orientations resulted in 0.9926(22), 0.9935(31) and 0.9841(27) for the PTW 30013, the PTW 31010 and the PTW 31021, respectively. The measurements based on the second technique resulted in values for k B ⃗ , Q of 0.9901(72), 0.9955(72), and 0.9885(71). Both methods show excellent accuracy and reproducibility and are therefore suitable for the determination of magnetic field correction factors. Small-volume ionization chambers showed a variation in the resulting values for k B ⃗ , Q and should be cross-calibrated instead of using tabulated values for correction factors.

Dosimetry in 1.5 T MR‐Linacs: Monte Carlo determination of magnetic field correction factors and investigation of the air gap effect

“…Repeated verification of the adopted correction for different ionization chambers of the same Farmer-type model is also needed. 46 Regarding small-cavity ionization chambers (which are more suitable for dosimetric QA checks or endto-end tests), this work considerably expands data availability as well as serves as an independent verification for already published k B,Q values. The vast majority of our results are in agreement within uncertainties with corresponding ones found in the literature (Tables 3 and 4).…”

“…Switching off the electromagnet allows for measurements in the absence of magnetic field but identical irradiation conditions. 19,30,46,47,49 However, dosimetry in a conventional linac might bias k B,Q results due to differences in beam quality. More specifically, as demonstrated in a recent study, 50 using a conventional 6 MV field, instead of a 7 MV FFF field, may affect the determined k B,Q value for a Farmer-type ionization chamber up to 0.5%.…”

Technical Challenges of Real-Time Adaptive MR-Guided Radiotherapy

“…Importantly, radiation dosimetry of air-filled ionization chambers is significantly influenced by the presence of a static magnetic field. To account for this effect during absolute dosimetry, dedicated field strength and chamber type and orientation specific correction factors need to be identified via measurements or simulations (21)(22)(23)(24)(25).…”

Ion chamber magnetic field correction factors measured via microDiamond cross-calibration from a conventional linac to MRI-linac

“…Magnetic field correction factors, k B,Q , are required for reference dosimetry on MRI-linacs. Current methods of measuring these factors such as calorimetry [19][20][21], Monte Carlo simulation [13, 14, 24], electromagnets combined with conventional linacs [14, 24], alanine chemical dosimetry [16,22,23] and ramping the magnet up and down [8], have different limitations. Our method aimed to measure k B,Q using conventional dosimeters available to most radiotherapy centers.…”

“…Calorimetry determines dose on MRI-linacs from first principles [19][20][21] requiring specific equipment and expertise to measure dose and calculate correction factors. Chemical reactions in alanine can also be used to directly measure the dose [16,22,23]. Whilst mail-out services have been investigated [16], specialized equipment is required for alanine read out.…”