Experimental encephalitis in monkeys caused by the Powassan virus

Frolova, M. P.; Isachkova, L. M.; Shestopalova, N M; Pogodina, V V

doi:10.1007/bf01186452

Cited by 20 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“…Briefly, experiments with hamsters, monkeys, mice, chickens, rabbits, horses, and goats have each provided some additional information about POWV pathogenesis (Ebel 2010). Early POWV experiments with nonhuman primates showed clear evidence of the neurotropism of POWV, with neurons and glial cells as the preferential targets of infection (Frolova et al 1985). In recent years, there have been relatively few reports of POWV small animal model development, especially compared to other tick-borne flaviviruses such as TBEV.…”

Section: Clinical Disease Overviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

Powassan Virus: An Emerging Arbovirus of Public Health Concern in North America

Hermance

Thangamani

2017

Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases

157

166

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Powassan virus (POWV, Flaviviridae) is the only North American member of the tick-borne encephalitis serogroup of flaviviruses. It is transmitted to small- and medium-sized mammals by Ixodes scapularis, Ixodes cookei, and several other Ixodes tick species. Humans become infected with POWV during spillover transmission from the natural transmission cycles. In humans, POWV is the causative agent of a severe neuroinvasive illness with 50% of survivors displaying long-term neurological sequelae. POWV was recognized as a human pathogen in 1958 when a young boy died of severe encephalitis in Powassan, Ontario, and POWV was isolated from the brain autopsy of this case. Two distinct genetic lineages of POWV are now recognized: POWV (lineage I) and deer tick virus (lineage II). Since the index case in 1958, over 100 human cases of POWV have been reported, with an apparent rise in disease incidence in the past 16 years. This recent increase in cases may represent a true emergence of POWV in regions where the tick vector species are prevalent, or it could represent an increase in POWV surveillance and diagnosis. In the past 5 years, both basic and applied research for POWV disease has intensified, including phylogenetic studies, field surveillance, case studies, and animal model development. This review provides an overview of POWV, including the epidemiology, transmission, clinical disease, and diagnosis of POWV infection. Recent research developments and future priorities with regard to the disease are emphasized.

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Section: Clinical Disease Overviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

Powassan Virus: An Emerging Arbovirus of Public Health Concern in North America

Hermance

Thangamani

2017

Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases

157

166

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“…TBE virus has been isolated from over 20 species of ticks, but the main vectors are Ixodes persulcatus and I. ricinus. Experimental infection of macaques results in viral persistence and encephalitis (Frolova et al 1985;Kenyon et al 1992;Pogodina et al 1981). A naturally occurring case of TBE was reported in a macaque at a German monkey park (Suss et al 2007).…”

Section: Tick-borne Encephalitis (Tbe) (Flaviviridae)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Macaque Models of Human Infectious Disease

Gardner¹,

Luciw²

2008

ILAR Journal

174

133

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Macaques have served as models for more than 70 human infectious diseases of diverse etiologies, including a multitude of agents-bacteria, viruses, fungi, parasites, prions. The remarkable diversity of human infectious diseases that have been modeled in the macaque includes global, childhood, and tropical diseases as well as newly emergent, sexually transmitted, oncogenic, degenerative neurologic, potential bioterrorism, and miscellaneous other diseases. Historically, macaques played a major role in establishing the etiology of yellow fever, polio, and prion diseases. With rare exceptions (Chagas disease, bartonellosis), all of the infectious diseases in this review are of Old World origin. Perhaps most surprising is the large number of tropical (16), newly emergent (7), and bioterrorism diseases (9) that have been modeled in macaques. Many of these human diseases (e.g., AIDS, hepatitis E, bartonellosis) are a consequence of zoonotic infection. However, infectious agents of certain diseases, including measles and tuberculosis, can sometimes go both ways, and thus several human pathogens are threats to nonhuman primates including macaques. Through experimental studies in macaques, researchers have gained insight into pathogenic mechanisms and novel treatment and vaccine approaches for many human infectious diseases, most notably acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), which is caused by infection with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Other infectious agents for which macaques have been a uniquely valuable resource for biomedical research, and particularly vaccinology, include influenza virus, paramyxoviruses, flaviviruses, arenaviruses, hepatitis E virus, papillomavirus, smallpox virus, Mycobacteria, Bacillus anthracis, Helicobacter pylori, Yersinia pestis, and Plasmodium species. This review summarizes the extensive past and present research on macaque models of human infectious disease.

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“…Lesions on non-human primates infected intracerebrally with POWV are mainly inflammatory and degenerative, marked in the cortex, cerebellum and spinal cord, and have a strong presence of virus in neurons [15]. Mice infected with the Russian P-40 strain of POWV revealed a destructive inflammatory disease in all parts of the brain.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Spinal Cord Ventral Horns and Lymphoid Organ Involvement in Powassan Virus Infection in a Mouse Model

Santos

Hermance

Gelman

et al. 2016

Viruses

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Powassan virus (POWV) belongs to the family Flaviviridae and is a member of the tick-borne encephalitis serogroup. Transmission of POWV from infected ticks to humans has been documented in the USA, Canada, and Russia, causing fatal encephalitis in 10% of human cases and significant neurological sequelae in survivors. We used C57BL/6 mice to investigate POWV infection and pathogenesis. After footpad inoculation, infected animals exhibited rapid disease progression and 100% mortality. Immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence revealed a very strong neuronal tropism of POWV infection. The central nervous system infection appeared as a meningoencephalitis with perivascular mononuclear infiltration and microglial activation in the brain, and a poliomyelitis-like syndrome with high level of POWV antigen at the ventral horn of the spinal cord. Pathological studies also revealed substantial infection of splenic macrophages by POWV, which suggests that the spleen plays a more important role in pathogenesis than previously realized. This report provides a detailed description of the neuroanatomical distribution of the lesions produced by POWV infection in C57BL/6 mice.

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Experimental encephalitis in monkeys caused by the Powassan virus

Cited by 20 publications

References 4 publications

Powassan Virus: An Emerging Arbovirus of Public Health Concern in North America

Powassan Virus: An Emerging Arbovirus of Public Health Concern in North America

Macaque Models of Human Infectious Disease

Spinal Cord Ventral Horns and Lymphoid Organ Involvement in Powassan Virus Infection in a Mouse Model

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