Experimental Evaluation of a Liquid-Fueled, Lean-Premixed Gas Turbine Combustor

Smith, K. O.; Cowell, L. H.

doi:10.1115/89-gt-264

Cited by 9 publications

(7 citation statements)

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“…The term 'dry' is used to indicate that the combustor in question is capable of achieving low pollutant emissions, in particular low NO x, without having to resort to the injection of water or steam. Solar Turbines Inc. in San Diego has been among the pioneers in the development of dry low-emissions combustors for industrial gas turbines, and the results of their efforts have appeared in a number of publications, for example, White et al (1981), Roberts et al (1982), Smith et al (1986Smith et al ( , 1991, Smith and Cowell (1989), and Etheridge (1994).…”

Section: Dry Low Nox Combustorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Role of Fuel Preparation in Low Emissions Combustion

Lefebvre

1995

Volume 5: Manufacturing Materials and Metallurgy; Ceramics; Structures and Dynamics; Controls, Diagnostics and Instrumentation;

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The attainment of very low pollutant emissions, in particular oxides of nitrogen (NOx), from gas turbines is not only of considerable environmental concern but has also become an area of increasing competitiveness between the different engine manufacturers. For stationary engines, the attainment of ultra-low NOx has become the foremost marketing issue. This paper is devoted primarily to current and emerging technologies in the development of ultra-low emissions combustors for application to aircraft and stationary engines. Short descriptions of the basic design features of conventional gas turbine combustors and the methods of fuel injection now in widespread use are followed by a review of fuel spray characteristics and recent developments in the measurement and modeling of these characteristics. The main gas turbine generated pollutants and their mechanisms of formation are described, along with related environmental risks and various issues concerning emissions regulations and recently-enacted legislation for limiting the pollutant levels emitted by both aircraft and stationary engines. The impact of these emissions regulations on combustor and engine design are discussed first in relation to conventional combustors and then in the context of variable-geometry and staged combustors. Both these concepts are founded on emissions reduction by control of flame temperature. Basic approaches to the design of “dry” low NOx and ultra-low NOx combustors are reviewed. At the present time lean, premix, prevaporize, combustion appears to be the only technology available for achieving ultra-low NOx emissions from practical combustors. This concept is discussed in some detail, along with its inherent problems of autoignition, flashback, and acoustic resonance. Attention is also given to alternative methods of achieving ultra-low NOx emissions, notably the rich-bum, quick-quench, lean-burn and catalytic combustors. These concepts are now being actively developed, despite the formidable problems they present in terms of mixing and durability. The final section reviews the various correlations which are now being used to predict the exhaust gas concentrations of the main gaseous pollutant emissions from gas turbine engines. Comprehensive numerical methods have not yet completely displaced these semi-empirical correlations but are nevertheless providing useful insight into the interactions of swirling and recirculating flows with fuel sprays, as well as guidance to the combustion engineer during the design and development stages. Throughout the paper emphasis is placed on the important and sometimes pivotal role played by the fuel preparation process in the reduction of pollutant emissions from gas turbines.

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Section: Dry Low Nox Combustorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The manner in which the fuel-injection system described above was adapted for liquid fuels by Smith and Cowell (1989) is shown in Fig. 38.…”

Section: Dry Low Nox Combustorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Role of Fuel Preparation in Low Emissions Combustion

Lefebvre

1995

Volume 5: Manufacturing Materials and Metallurgy; Ceramics; Structures and Dynamics; Controls, Diagnostics and Instrumentation;

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“…The radial swirler assembly . The prototype assembly described in Smith and Cowell, 1989b was used to evaluate the feasibilty of the filming, premixing injector concept. The injector was operated demonstrating superior emissions characteristics.…”

Section: Fig 2 Ultra-low No" Injector Conceptmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development of a Liquid-Fueled, Lean-Premixed Gas Turbine Combustor

Cowell¹,

Smith²

1993

Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power

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Development of a lean-premixed, liquid-fueled combustor is in progress to achieve ultra-low NOx emissions at typical gas turbine operating conditions. A filming fuel injector design was tested on a bench scale can combustor to evaluate critical design and operating parameters for low-emissions performance. Testing was completed using No. 2 diesel. Key design variables tested include premixing length, swirler angle, injector centerbody diameter, and reduced liner cooling. NOx emissions below 12 ppmv at 9 bar pressure were measured. Corresponding CO levels were 50 ppmv. An optimized injector design was fabricated for testing in a three injector sector of an annular combustor. Operating parameters and test results are discussed in the paper.

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“…Studies [2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9] have focused on development of low NO x combustors with the viewpoint of producing lower emissions. These combustors are different in designs, as some are annular, can, or silo type.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Predictions of Flow and Heat Transfer in Low Emission Combustors

Esposito

Ekkad

2008

Heat Transfer Engineering

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Flow and heat transfer predictions in modern low emission combustors are critical to maintaining the liner wall at reasonable temperatures. This study is the first to focus on a critical issue for combustor design. The objective of this paper is to understand the effect of different swirl angle for a dry low emission (DLE) combustor on flow and heat transfer distributions. This paper provides the effect of fuel nozzle swirl angle on velocity distributions, temperature, and surface heat transfer coefficients. A simple test model is investigated with flow through fuel nozzles without reactive flow. The fuel nozzle angle is varied to obtain different swirl conditions inside the combustor. The effect of flow Reynolds number and swirl number are investigated using FLUENT. Different RANS-based turbulence models are tested to determine the ability of these models to predict the swirling flow. For comparison, different turbulence models such as standard k − ε, realizable k − ε, and shear stress transport (SST) k − ω turbulence model were studied for non-reactive flow conditions. The results show that, for a high degree swirl flow, the SST k −ω model can provide more reasonable predictions for recirculation and high velocity gradients. With increasing swirl angle, the average surface heat transfer coefficient increases while the average static temperature will decrease. Preliminary analysis shows that the k − ω model is the best model for predicting swirling flows. Also critical is the effect of the swirling flows on the liner wall heat transfer. The strength and magnitude of the swirl determines the local heat transfer maxima location. This location needs to be cooled more effectively by various cooling schemes.

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Experimental Evaluation of a Liquid-Fueled, Lean-Premixed Gas Turbine Combustor

Cited by 9 publications

References 0 publications

The Role of Fuel Preparation in Low Emissions Combustion

The Role of Fuel Preparation in Low Emissions Combustion

Development of a Liquid-Fueled, Lean-Premixed Gas Turbine Combustor

Predictions of Flow and Heat Transfer in Low Emission Combustors

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