Experimental Evaluation of Transition Metals Salt Solutions as Additives in Steam Recovery Processes

Abstract

=> -c =-t q In ** q-c t*8t8 , howevu , ahanges am mare pronouwod in ehortu rcaation tbao. It is well doaumatod by laboratoryqnd fhld data In on. oaso tlm oil viscogitywas lowered 20 tithat be8idoB phyaieal ohargu suah qm viwomity mm q reduotionwith tqraturo apd qteu mutilation, the atom injoatiompromana arm q campanied by INTROWCTIOM ohmiacl reaotionswhich, qs it haa been the aaea in tha M-6 staaa &Lve proj9ctin the BolivasCoast 8toaa h jwt%on proaeu.s, both cyolic and drive, of IA. Maracaibo, produco large amounts of q.the moat quccommful dwmad oil roawuy undesirable hydrogenq ulphidagee. Dependingon th~mathpd~, q eaountingfor uound 80 puaent of tho type of crud-qnd on the steam temperature,thay oil producod by BOX pro jwt8 in the U.S.A. qid can qlso produae an irrevumibla inoreaaoor lowu-qlmost 100 pereent of that produced in Venesuola. ing of orudc oil viaaomity.The quaceem of thim proceeeee is mainly the result of phyniaal. phenomena auah q te~rature raiae, 90 in-8itucontrolthe hydrogenq ulphidaproduction visco8ityreduction,qteam distillation, eta. This and to promotethe loweringof the aruda oil viaco-ht,aled to the widely acaepted view that the primnity, it has been proposed to we transition metalm ry, if not mole coneequenaeof injeutinghi@. tarn-8alt8 qolutionaautah aa niakel sulphat.e an additiperaturesteam into haavy oil formation ie"phyeives in steam injeotionprocesaeu. In thin work, we aal$ 1 documentedby laboratory prament the results of an experimental study and 'owaver'ti:al%ri that~team *n,eation field aarriedout to qeaaes khe effeot of using quoh an proaesaes are axno aoaorapariied by ahemiaal qdditivo .reaotionmwhiah ae it waa pointedoil beforeproduae large amountsof ganem and ohangearude oil via-The experimental plan conai8tedof both statia and aoaity. dynamiotemt. The concentration of the molutionwa8 variad to 1,5 wt. t niakel q ulphataqt a temperatu-Hyne 1,2 used the term q quatherwoiy-isto dbsre of 240'C, typiaal of Venezuelanmteam injaation aribe the reaationnoaaurringh the 200% -300°Cprojeats.Raaonatituted and whok sore samplesfrom temperature range,snd whiah may inaludaq aidpolytwo Venezuelanbitumenremervokn were umed.Marination, orqanomulphur aompounda eleavaga due to raaation with water, gae ralease from both the Obtainadreoultschow that the two bitumen q mplefi fluidm and roak matrix, the water gaa mhift undergo aquakhermalymia, in preeenae or qbaenae of reaation qnd hydrotienulphurination.Other reeervoir #and, that remultm with reaonatituted authore5*6~7 have studied the thermal vi8-eand8 are similar to theme obtainedwith who~e oore breakingof hawy O1lR and bitumanmin the 260°Cq amplemqnd that the uma of the additivepromotena 325*c temperaturerange. The8e reaotionm,however, lwarin~in bitumln visaosity, both in qtatio and are not very importantqt tamparaturen below 280'C,

The Use of a Nano-nickel Catalyst for Upgrading Extra-heavy Oil by an Aquathermolysis Treatment Under Steam Injection Conditions

“…However, further research results showed that aquathermolysis has little effect on extra-heavy oil only in the presence of the injection steam (Fan and Liu, 2001). Because the aquathermolysis of extra-heavy oil can regress rapidly, a large number of scientists conducted a lot of researches on various catalysts in order to catalyze the aquathermolysis (Rivas et al, 1988;Clough, 1989;Campos and Hernandez, 1994;Strausz et al, 1999;Babcock and Morrell, 2001;Fan and Liu, 2001;Chen et al, 2005;Jing et al, 2007). By catalytic aquathermolysis, more heavy components pyrolyzed and the structure had been changed, these changes could hardly regress and eventually lead to the reduction of the viscosity of heavy oil, thereby benefiting the oil exploitation, transportation, and upgrading.…”

In-situ Upgrading Extra-heavy Oil Catalytic Aquathermolysis Treatment Using a New Catalyst Based Anamphiphilic Molybdenum Chelate

“…They found that the injection steam can not only reduced the viscosity of heavy oil but also reacted with some components of the heavy oil and of the reservoir minerals, and the properties and compositions of the heavy oil were changed [4][5][6]. Subsequently, scientists studied the aquathermolysis further, they added various catalysts to catalyze the aquathermolysis [7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24]. Upon catalytic aquathermolysis, more heavy components of the heavy oil pyrolyzed and the structure changed to a larger degree, especially some heteroatom containing structure, and these changes could hardly regress and eventually lead to the reduction of the viscosity of heavy oil, thereby benefiting the oil exploitation, transportation and upgrading.…”

“…Firstly, Hyne et al studied the metal ions of Ni 2+ 、Fe 2+ 、Cu 2+ 、Zn 2+ and so on as catalyst, then pointed out that the percentage of saturate、aromatic increased and resin、asphalt and S decreased after the catalytic aquathermolysis [7]. Rivas et al studied the nickel salt as additive under aqueous and thermal conditions, and found that viscosity of heavy oil decreased and the quantity of H 2 、CO 2 and C 2+ increased after the reaction [8]. Clark et al used Fe ( II) as additive, and found it accelerated the cleavage of the C-S bonds [9].…”

“…Some metal ions accelerated the cleavage of the C-S bonds and the others reaction [25][26][27][28][29]. Subsequently, Clough [10]；Rivas [8]；Clark [9] ；Pelrine [30]；Richard [31]；Strausz [32][33][34]；Liu、 Fan et al [13,[35][36][37]. studied the mechanism of catalytic aquathermolysis, and all these supported the mechanism that catalysts mainly catalyzed the cleavage of the C-S bonds as the main reason why the viscosity of heavy oil was at last reduced.…”

Physical and Numerical Simulation of an Extra-Heavy Crude Oil Downhole Upgrading Process Using Hydrogen Donors Under Cyclic Steam Injection Conditions

“…Several routes for underground crude oil upgrading have been reported. These concepts involve the following: Downhole steam distillation 1 , deasphalting [2][3][4][5] , underground visbreaking [6][7][8][9] , hydrogen [10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17] or hydrogen precursor injection [18][19][20][21][22] and in situ combustion [23][24][25] . With the exemption of the later route, the numerical simulation of downhole upgrading processes has been relatively less studied.…”