Experimental Evidence of Ciguatoxin Accumulation and Depuration in Carnivorous Lionfish

Leite, Isabel do Prado; Sdiri, Khalil; Taylor, Angus; Viallon, Jérôme; Gharbia, Héla Ben; Mafra, Luiz L.; Swarzenski, Peter W.; Oberhaënsli, François; Darius, Hélène Taiana; Chinain, Mireille; Bottein, Marie‐Yasmine Dechraoui

doi:10.3390/toxins13080564

Cited by 12 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 60 publications

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“…Platypus Bay Gambierdiscus were estimated to produce an average of 1.3 × 10 −5 mouse units (MU) of CTX/cell from the most toxic sample collected from a limited sampling program between 1988-1990 [8]. The CTX analogs produced by some Australian species of Gambierdiscus are presumed to include P-CTX-4B (CTX4B [13]) as this, and its stereoisomer P-CTX-4A (CTX4A [13]), are the precursors of P-CTX-1 [9,13,21,29], the major CTX contaminating ciguateric fishes in Australia, including Spanish mackerel [9,11,12,30,31]. However, the identities and relative amounts of the ciguatoxins produced by Australian species of Gambierdiscus are still unknown [5].…”

Section: Trophic Level 1 (Gambierdiscus)mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, the identities and relative amounts of the ciguatoxins produced by Australian species of Gambierdiscus are still unknown [5]. For this scenario, we modelled the toxicity of Platypus Bay Gambierdiscus as being due to P-CTX-4B, which has ~1/20th the potency of P-CTX-1 with a mouse LD 50 of 5.9 µg/kg, i.e., 1 MU (based upon a 20 g mouse) ≈ 0.12 µg [13,29]. This would equate to Platypus Bay Gambierdiscus producing ~1.6 × 10 −12 g P-CTX-4B/cell.…”

Section: Trophic Level 1 (Gambierdiscus)mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Origin of Ciguateric Fish: Quantitative Modelling of the Flow of Ciguatoxin through a Marine Food Chain

Holmes¹,

Lewis²

2022

Toxins

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To begin to understand the impact of food chain dynamics on ciguatera risk, we used published data to model the transfer of ciguatoxins across four trophic levels of a marine food chain in Platypus Bay, Australia. The data to support this first attempt to conceptualize the scale of each trophic transfer step was limited, resulting in broad estimates. The hypothetical scenario we explored generated a low-toxicity 10 kg Spanish mackerel (Scomberomorus commerson) with a flesh concentration of 0.1 µg/kg of Pacific-ciguatoxin-1 (P-CTX-1, also known as CTX1B) from 19.5–78.1 µg of P-CTX-1 equivalents (eq.) that enter the marine food chain from a population of 12–49 million benthic dinoflagellates (Gambierdiscus sp.) producing 1.6 × 10−12 g/cell of the P-CTX-1 precursor, P-CTX-4B. This number of Gambierdiscus could be epiphytic on 22–88 kg of the benthic macroalgae (Cladophora) that carpets the bottom of much of Platypus Bay, with the toxin transferred to an estimated 40,000–160,000 alpheid shrimps in the second trophic level. This large number of shrimps appears unrealistic, but toxic shrimps would likely be consumed by a school of small, blotched javelin fish (Pomadasys maculatus) at the third trophic level, reducing the number of shrimps consumed by each fish. The Spanish mackerel would accumulate a flesh concentration of 0.1 µg/kg P-CTX-1 eq. by preying upon the school of blotched javelin and consuming 3.6–14.4 µg of P-CTX-1 eq. However, published data indicate this burden of toxin could be accumulated by a 10 kg Spanish mackerel from as few as one to three blotched javelin fish, suggesting that much greater amounts of toxin than modelled here must at certain times be produced and transferred through Platypus Bay food chains. This modelling highlights the need for better quantitative estimates of ciguatoxin production, biotransformation, and depuration through marine food chains to improve our understanding and management of ciguatera risk.

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Section: Trophic Level 1 (Gambierdiscus)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Trophic Level 1 (Gambierdiscus)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Origin of Ciguateric Fish: Quantitative Modelling of the Flow of Ciguatoxin through a Marine Food Chain

Holmes¹,

Lewis²

2022

Toxins

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“…Ciguatoxins (CTXs) and maitotoxins (MTXs) are the two major toxins produced by Gambierdiscus [ 6 , 7 ]. CTXs can accumulate in benthic-feeding organisms and can subsequently bioconcentrate in top-predator reef fishes through transfer along the food chain [ 8 ]. When humans ingest CTX-contaminated fish or shellfish, they can develop a type of food poisoning known as ciguatera fish poisoning (CFP; or just ciguatera) [ 6 , 9 , 10 , 11 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gambierdiscus and Its Associated Toxins: A Minireview

Wang

Xin

Wang

2022

Toxins

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Gambierdiscus is a dinoflagellate genus widely distributed throughout tropical and subtropical regions. Some members of this genus can produce a group of potent polycyclic polyether neurotoxins responsible for ciguatera fish poisoning (CFP), one of the most significant food-borne illnesses associated with fish consumption. Ciguatoxins and maitotoxins, the two major toxins produced by Gambierdiscus, act on voltage-gated channels and TRPA1 receptors, consequently leading to poisoning and even death in both humans and animals. Over the past few decades, the occurrence and geographic distribution of CFP have undergone a significant expansion due to intensive anthropogenic activities and global climate change, which results in more human illness, a greater public health impact, and larger economic losses. The global spread of CFP has led to Gambierdiscus and its toxins being considered an environmental and human health concern worldwide. In this review, we seek to provide an overview of recent advances in the field of Gambierdiscus and its associated toxins based on the existing literature combined with re-analyses of current data. The taxonomy, phylogenetics, geographic distribution, environmental regulation, toxin detection method, toxin biosynthesis, and pharmacology and toxicology of Gambierdiscus are summarized and discussed. We also highlight future perspectives on Gambierdiscus and its associated toxins.

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“…The effects of CTXs on marine fauna are less documented. Ciguatoxins found in the brain, liver, and muscles of marine mammals suggest that they may also suffer from CTX exposure and that these compounds persist within the complex marine food webs [ 133 ]. The fish resistance mechanism to CTX is still unknown.…”

Section: Mechanism Of Action and Toxicity: The Need For Predefined To...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Current Trends and New Challenges in Marine Phycotoxins

et al. 2022

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Marine phycotoxins are a multiplicity of bioactive compounds which are produced by microalgae and bioaccumulate in the marine food web. Phycotoxins affect the ecosystem, pose a threat to human health, and have important economic effects on aquaculture and tourism worldwide. However, human health and food safety have been the primary concerns when considering the impacts of phycotoxins. Phycotoxins toxicity information, often used to set regulatory limits for these toxins in shellfish, lacks traceability of toxicity values highlighting the need for predefined toxicological criteria. Toxicity data together with adequate detection methods for monitoring procedures are crucial to protect human health. However, despite technological advances, there are still methodological uncertainties and high demand for universal phycotoxin detectors. This review focuses on these topics, including uncertainties of climate change, providing an overview of the current information as well as future perspectives.

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Experimental Evidence of Ciguatoxin Accumulation and Depuration in Carnivorous Lionfish

Cited by 12 publications

References 60 publications

Origin of Ciguateric Fish: Quantitative Modelling of the Flow of Ciguatoxin through a Marine Food Chain

Origin of Ciguateric Fish: Quantitative Modelling of the Flow of Ciguatoxin through a Marine Food Chain

Gambierdiscus and Its Associated Toxins: A Minireview

Current Trends and New Challenges in Marine Phycotoxins

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