Experimental Evidence of Crystallization Pressure inside Porous Media

Rijniers, LA Lourens; Huinink, HP Henk; Pel, Leo L; Kopinga, K.

doi:10.1103/physrevlett.94.075503

Cited by 134 publications

(93 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…2) because of a phase change from the anhydrate present in the dry state (thenardite, Na 2 SO 4 ) to the decahydrate present in the wet state (mirabilite, Na 2 SO 4 ?10H 2 O). Thenardite dissolves during impregnation, which creates a high supersaturation with respect to mirabilite that makes it possible for mirabilite to exert a high crystallization pressure during its growth [37][38][39][40][41] . No damage is observed during the drying phase 7 .…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chemo-mechanics of salt damage in stone

et al. 2014

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Many porous materials are damaged by pressure exerted by salt crystals growing in their pores. This is a serious issue in conservation science, geomorphology, geotechnical engineering and concrete materials science. In all cases, a central question is whether crystallization pressure will cause damage. Here we present an experiment in which the crystallization pressure and the pore saturation are varied in a controlled way. We demonstrate that a strain energy failure criterion can be used to predict when damage will occur. The experiment considered is the most widely used means to study the susceptibility to salt crystallization, so quantification of this test has far-reaching implications.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chemo-mechanics of salt damage in stone

et al. 2014

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“…[24] As a crystal grows, it exerts a pressure on its surroundings, which depends on the supersaturation of the solution. [25,26] The gel network can respond to this pressure by rearranging; this ability to rearrange is related to the modulus of the gel network and the rate of crystal growth. If the gel network is strong enough to resist the ''crystallization pressure,'' the crystal will be forced to grow around the gel fibers, and hence incorporate them.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Calcite Growth in Hydrogels: Assessing the Mechanism of Polymer‐Network Incorporation into Single Crystals

2009

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Synthetic and biogenic calcite (CaCO 3 ) crystals are known to incorporate biomacromolecules [1] and other organic molecules [2] while still diffracting x-rays as single crystals. This work evaluates the parameters that control the incorporation of polymer networks during calcite-crystal growth in agarose hydrogels. We find that the crystallization pressure promotes the exclusion of the gel network, while faster growth rates favor the incorporation. These two competing factors determine how much of the gel network is incorporated into the calcite crystals.

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“…Other earlier experiments also contributed to establishing the existence of crystallization pressure [24][25][26].…”

Section: Measurement Of Crystallization Pressurementioning

confidence: 95%

Predicting salt damage in practice: A theoretical insight into laboratory tests.

Flatt¹,

Aly

Caruso

et al. 2017

RILEM Tech Lett

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Salt crystallization represents one of the major causes for the degradation of building and ornamental stone. As such, it has attracted the attention of researchers, who over the years have progressively unraveled most mechanisms involved in salt damage. Despite this mechanistic understanding, many questions subsist about how to quantitatively predict damage or its progression, and in particular how to relate performance on site to that in laboratory tests. In this context, a new RILEM TC 271-ASC has been started with the objective of defining laboratory tests that deliver more reliable predictions of field behavior. One deliverable of this TC is to provide a theoretical insight into this question based on recent progress on the understanding of salt damage. This paper presents a summary of this work, highlighting key aspects relating to crystallization pressure, chemo-mechanics and mass transport. Implications are discussed in relation to the most used accelerated salt crystallization tests in an attempt to better define which field exposure conditions that these tests best represent and may be used for, or define effective test procedures representing specific field conditions. A simple conceptual model for the development of salt damage is introduced. During an initial "induction" phase, transport of ions and accumulation of salt in the porous materials occurs without causing detectable damage until a critical point, termed "damage onset" is reached. Beyond this point, during the "propagation phase", the material degrades, typically losing strength and cohesiveness. The implications of these two phases are discussed in relation to the selection of appropriate salt weathering tests and conservation interventions.

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Experimental Evidence of Crystallization Pressure inside Porous Media

Cited by 134 publications

References 11 publications

Chemo-mechanics of salt damage in stone

Chemo-mechanics of salt damage in stone

Calcite Growth in Hydrogels: Assessing the Mechanism of Polymer‐Network Incorporation into Single Crystals

Predicting salt damage in practice: A theoretical insight into laboratory tests.

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