Experimental Intervertebral-Disc Lesions

Key, J. Albert; Ford, Lee T.

doi:10.2106/00004623-194830030-00009

Cited by 158 publications

(87 citation statements)

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“…In 1948, the 'stabbing' of the IVD with a scalpel began to be used as a tool to induce disc degeneration in animals [65,132]. Stab models may be classified into two types: the total annular stab model [80] and the superficial AF injury model [117].…”

Section: Bipedal Micementioning

confidence: 99%

Are animal models useful for studying human disc disorders/degeneration?

et al. 2007

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Intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration is an often investigated pathophysiological condition because of its implication in causing low back pain. As human material for such studies is difficult to obtain because of ethical and government regulatory restriction, animal tissue, organs and in vivo models have often been used for this purpose. However, there are many differences in cell population, tissue composition, disc and spine anatomy, development, physiology and mechanical properties, between animal species and human. Both naturally occurring and induced degenerative changes may differ significantly from those seen in humans. This paper reviews the many animal models developed for the study of IVD degeneration aetiopathogenesis and treatments thereof. In particular, the limitations and relevance of these models to the human condition are examined, and some general consensus guidelines are presented. Although animal models are invaluable to increase our understanding of disc biology, because of the differences between species, care must be taken when used to study human disc degeneration and much more effort is needed to facilitate research on human disc material.Keywords Intervertebral disc degeneration Á Animal models Á In vivo Á In vitro All of the authors contributed equally to this publication and are listed simply in alphabetical order.

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Section: Bipedal Micementioning

confidence: 99%

Are animal models useful for studying human disc disorders/degeneration?

et al. 2007

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“…Injected cells and fibrin matrix (without UVL polymerization) get lost easily through this annular lesion [3,4,6,7]. Consequently, the nucleus is exposed to the immune system and to detrimental degenerative cascades with upregulation of MMPs [31,32]. These mechanisms seem to be more pronounced in heavily loaded discs of large adult animal models offering higher human like body weights.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Key and Ford analyzed annular healing in a dog model with 20G needle puncture and found sufficient annular healing after 22 weeks [32]. Newer studies focused on the very limited regenerative capacity of the annulus fibrosus resulting in thin layers of biomechanical inferior fibrous tissue [6], and Korecki et al [33] recently described detrimental effects of needle puncture injury on disc mechanics and biology even by small needles up to 25G.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Injection of a polymerized hyaluronic acid/collagen hydrogel matrix in an in vivo porcine disc degeneration model

et al. 2012

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Introduction Disc degeneration and re-herniation after nucleotomy procedures are common problems. Simultaneous application of hyaluronic acid (HA)-based matrix has been proposed to limit disc degeneration. This, however, is hampered by loss of the substituted matrix out of the disc. Hence, in situ polymerization of the injected matrix with ultraviolet light (UVL) directly used after injection may be useful. Therefore, this study evaluates a new HA/collagen hydrogel matrix with in situ polymerization after implantation in an established porcine nucleotomy model. Materials and methods 12 mature minipigs were used. A total of 60 lumbar discs were analyzed. 36 discs underwent partial nucleotomy with a 16G biopsy needle. Of those, 24 discs received matrix (porcine nucleus pulposus collagenous scaffold component and chemically modified HA) which was in situ polymerized using UVL immediately after transplantation. 12 nucleotomized discs and 24 non-nucleotomized discs served as controls. After 24 weeks, animals were killed. X-rays, MRIs, histology, and gene expression analysis were done. Results Disc height was reduced equally after sole nucleotomy and nucleotomy with HA treatment and in MRIs signal intensity decreased. For both nucleotomy groups, the nucleus histo-degeneration score showed a significant increase compared to controls. In histology, HA treatment resulted in more scarring and inflammation in the annulus. Gene expression of catabolic MMPs was up-regulated, whereas IFN-gamma, IL-6, and IL-1b were unchanged. Conclusion Although nucleotomy and administration of the implant material did not cause generalized inflammation of the disc, localized annular damage with annulus inflammation and scarring resulted in detrimental degenerative disc changes. As a result, therapeutic strategies should strongly focus on the prevention of annular damage or techniques for annular repair to remain disc integrity.

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“…Hypothetically, pain from an Adherent nerve root is caused by mechanical deformation of structurally impaired soft tissues and experiments have shown the adherences between disc and nerve roots can occur after disc prolapse or injury [25,26].…”

Section: Citationmentioning

confidence: 99%