Experimental investigation and comparative analysis of immersion cooling of lithium-ion batteries using mineral and therminol oil

Satyanarayana, G; Sudhakar, D. Ruben; Goud, V Muthya; Ramesh, Juttu; Pathanjali, GA

doi:10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2023.120187

Cited by 57 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…The role of the battery thermal management system (BTMS) is to regulate the temperature of the battery within suitable ranges during all operating conditions, including cooling and heating insulation, to maintain its optimal performance and state of charge. Depending on the cooling medium, the thermal management of the battery system can be classified into several forms, including air-cooling systems [21][22][23][24], liquid-cooling systems [25][26][27][28], phase-change material systems [29][30][31][32][33], heat-pipe cooling systems [34][35][36][37][38], and hybrid cooling systems [39][40][41][42][43].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Comparative Numerical Study of Lithium-Ion Batteries with Air-Cooling Systems towards Thermal Safety

Li,

Wang,

Cen

et al. 2024

Fire

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Given the growing demand for increased energy capacity and power density in battery systems, ensuring thermal safety in lithium-ion batteries has become a significant challenge for the coming decade. Effective thermal management plays a crucial role in battery design optimization. Air-cooling temperatures in vehicles often vary from ambient due to internal ventilation, with external air potentially overheating due to vehicle malfunctions. This article highlights the efficiency of lateral side air cooling in battery packs, suggesting a need for further exploration beyond traditional front side methods. In this study, we examine the impact of three different temperature levels and two distinct air-cooling directions on the performance of an air-cooling system. Our results reveal that the air-cooling direction has a more pronounced influence compared with the air-cooling temperature. By employing an optimal air-cooling direction and ambient air-cooling temperature, it is possible to achieve a temperature reduction of approximately 5 K in the battery, which otherwise requires a 10 K decrease in the air-cooling temperature to achieve a similar effect. Therefore, we propose an empirical formula for air-cooling efficiency under various conditions, aiming to provide valuable insights into the factors affecting air-cooling systems for industrial applications toward enhancing the fire safety of battery energy storage systems.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Comparative Numerical Study of Lithium-Ion Batteries with Air-Cooling Systems towards Thermal Safety

Li,

Wang,

Cen

et al. 2024

Fire

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“…Wang et al [58] investigated immersion phase change cooling with a mixed refrigerant R1233ZD(E)/Ethanol, observing enhanced temperature uniformity and cooling performance in EVs. Satyanarayana et al [59] explored battery cooling performance using different coolants, showcasing substantial reductions in maximum battery temperatures for various immersion cooling methodologies compared to natural convection cooling at a 3C discharge rate. Li et al [60] proposed FS49 liquid immersion cooling, demonstrating noteworthy reductions in maximum battery temperatures and energy consumption compared to forced-air cooling at varying discharge rates.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Li-Ion Battery Immersed Heat Pipe Cooling Technology for Electric Vehicles

Oh,

Lee,

Han

et al. 2023

Electronics

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Lithium-ion batteries, crucial in powering Battery Electric Vehicles (BEVs), face critical challenges in maintaining safety and efficiency. The quest for an effective Battery Thermal Management System (BTMS) arises from critical concerns over the safety and efficiency of lithium-ion batteries, particularly in Battery Electric Vehicles (BEVs). This study introduces a pioneering BTMS solution merging a two-phase immersion cooling system with heat pipes. Notably, the integration of NovecTM 649 as the dielectric fluid substantially mitigates thermal runaway-induced fire risks without requiring an additional power source. Comprehensive 1-D modeling, validated against AMESim (Advanced Modeling Environment for Simulation of Engineering Systems) simulations and experiments, investigates diverse design variable impacts on thermal resistance and evaporator temperature. At 10 W, 15 W, and 20 W heat inputs, the BTMS consistently maintained lithium-ion battery temperatures within the optimal range (approximately 27–34 °C). Optimized porosity (60%) and filling ratios (30–40%) minimized thermal resistance to 0.3848–0.4549 °C/W. This innovative system not only enhances safety but also improves energy efficiency by reducing weight, affirming its potential to revolutionize lithium-ion battery performance and address critical challenges in the field.

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“…The maximum temperature of the battery for forced air co immersion cooling with thermal oil, and immersion cooling with mineral oil are low 43.83%, 49.17%, and 51.54%, respectively, compared to natural convection cooling a discharge rate. The comparison of the maximum temperature and temperature diffe of the battery for immersion cooling with different cooling oils is depicted in Figu[122]. Li et al proposed FS49 liquid immersion cooling to improve the th performance of a cylindrical Li-ion battery module under fast charging conditions liquid immersion cooling shows the maximum temperature of the battery lower by and 19.6 °C, and energy consumption lower by 85.6% and 59.6% when compar forced-air cooling at discharge rates of 2C and 3C, respectively[123].…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

A Review of Advanced Cooling Strategies for Battery Thermal Management Systems in Electric Vehicles

et al. 2023

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Electric vehicles (EVs) offer a potential solution to face the global energy crisis and climate change issues in the transportation sector. Currently, lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries have gained popularity as a source of energy in EVs, owing to several benefits including higher power density. To compete with internal combustion (IC) engine vehicles, the capacity of Li-ion batteries is continuously increasing to improve the efficiency and reliability of EVs. The performance characteristics and safe operations of Li-ion batteries depend on their operating temperature which demands the effective thermal management of Li-ion batteries. The commercially employed cooling strategies have several obstructions to enable the desired thermal management of high-power density batteries with allowable maximum temperature and symmetrical temperature distribution. The efforts are striving in the direction of searching for advanced cooling strategies which could eliminate the limitations of current cooling strategies and be employed in next-generation battery thermal management systems. The present review summarizes numerous research studies that explore advanced cooling strategies for battery thermal management in EVs. Research studies on phase change material cooling and direct liquid cooling for battery thermal management are comprehensively reviewed over the time period of 2018–2023. This review discusses the various experimental and numerical works executed to date on battery thermal management based on the aforementioned cooling strategies. Considering the practical feasibility and drawbacks of phase change material cooling, the focus of the present review is tilted toward the explanation of current research works on direct liquid cooling as an emerging battery thermal management technique. Direct liquid cooling has the potential to achieve the desired battery performance under normal as well as extreme operating conditions. However, extensive research still needs to be executed to commercialize direct liquid cooling as an advanced battery thermal management technique in EVs. The present review would be referred to as one that gives concrete direction in the search for a suitable advanced cooling strategy for battery thermal management in the next generation of EVs.

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Experimental investigation and comparative analysis of immersion cooling of lithium-ion batteries using mineral and therminol oil

Cited by 57 publications

References 35 publications

A Comparative Numerical Study of Lithium-Ion Batteries with Air-Cooling Systems towards Thermal Safety

A Comparative Numerical Study of Lithium-Ion Batteries with Air-Cooling Systems towards Thermal Safety

Li-Ion Battery Immersed Heat Pipe Cooling Technology for Electric Vehicles

A Review of Advanced Cooling Strategies for Battery Thermal Management Systems in Electric Vehicles

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