Experimental Investigation on Injury Mechanisms of Cervical Spine at Frontal and Rear-Front Vehicle Impacts

Clemens, H. J.; Burow, K

doi:10.4271/720960

Cited by 42 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…In order to guarantee adequate inertia, a dummy head was designed with a weight of 4.5 kg [4,5]. Its centre of gravity was localized in the region of the anterior inferior sella [8].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

In vitro low-speed side collisions cause injury to the lower cervical spine but do not damage alar ligaments

et al. 2004

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“…In order to guarantee adequate inertia, a dummy head was designed with a weight of 4.5 kg [4,5]. Its centre of gravity was localized in the region of the anterior inferior sella [8].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

In vitro low-speed side collisions cause injury to the lower cervical spine but do not damage alar ligaments

et al. 2004

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“…This opinion has previously mainly been based on older experimental studies [42,143,286]. One study often cited as a reference in this regard is a post-mortem study of individuals who died after high-energy trauma associated with motor vehicle accidents (Jónsson et al 116].…”

Section: Facet Jointsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Watkinson et al [283] reported, in a study using plain x-ray examination, an increased occurrence of degenerative changes in patients with residual symptoms ten years after whiplash trauma. Injuries of the annulus fibrosus and the attachment of the disc to the endplate have been reported from animal experimental studies [143,286] and after hyperextension trauma in cadavers [42]. Disc herniation and also injuries of the anterior part of the annulus were reported in a small MRI study of nine patients with whiplash [52].…”

Section: Intervertebral Discsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Injuries of the posterior longitudinal ligament have been observed in older animal experimental studies [286] and in cadaver studies [42]. An experimental study of indirect trauma to the neck found an increased elongation (strain) of the interspinal ligaments and ligamentum flavum as compared to conditions during physiological movement, but no significant effects on the posterior longitudinal ligament [193).…”

Section: Ligamentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The results show that the elongation of the ligament was dependent on the strength of the acceleration, and that it was most pronounced in the lower parts of the cervical spine. Inspection of the specimens after the experiments showed ruptures of the anterior longitudinal ligament at four of the 30 investigated levels.Injuries of the posterior longitudinal ligament have been observed in older animal experimental studies [286] and in cadaver studies [42]. An experimental study of indirect trauma to the neck found an increased elongation (strain) of the interspinal ligaments and ligamentum flavum as compared to conditions during physiological movement, but no significant effects on the posterior longitudinal ligament [193).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Whiplash injuries and associated disorders: new insights into an old problem

Rydevik¹,

Szpalski²,

Aebi³

et al. 2008

Eur Spine J

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SummaryThe Medical Task Force of the Swedish Society of Medicine and the Whiplash Commission has come to the following main conclusions:The term ''whiplash'' is so generally accepted that it should continue to be used, but the term ''whiplash trauma'' should only be used to refer to indirect cervical spine trauma. By deleting WAD grades 0 and IV from the classification system introduced in 1995 by the Quebec Task Force (QTF), the diagnosis of whiplash injury will be more exact and more realistically defined, which will reduce the risk of misunderstanding.The reported incidence of whiplash injuries in Sweden varies depending on the particular investigation cited, and ranges between 1.0 and 3.2/1000 per year. Whiplash injuries represent approximately 1/3 of all claims submitted after traffic injuries to insurance companies in Sweden, and give rise to a medical disability rate of 10% or more. Various studies of how the possibility of an insurance claim influences the course of a whiplash injury have produced quite different results, but generally there is no evidence of significant differences in outcome between those who have and have not sought claim.Ligament injuries can rarely be demonstrated acutely after whiplash trauma, and radiologically verified instability later in the course of the injury is also rare. Experimental studies have shown that whiplash trauma can lead to loads on discs and facet joints that might result in injury of these structures, but there is no scientific evidence to verify such injuries in patients with whiplash injury. Certain studies indicate that a dysfunction in the nervous system may exist in a small proportion of patients with whiplash injury.A series of physiological changes occurs in both the peripheral and the central nervous systems after whiplash injury, comprising peripheral as well as central sensitisation. There is no scientific evidence that such physiological changes are specific to the pain associated with whiplash injury; similar changes have been shown to occur in association with various other pain conditions, acute as well as long-term.It is likely that any previous mental ill-health and the patient's current mental state are both important for the clinical development and course of whiplash injury. To minimise the risk of long-term problems among people with acute whiplash injury, concurrently occurring acute stress disorder (ASD) and/or post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) should be diagnosed and treated. It is also important to diagnose and adequately treat possible sleep disorder, depression, or anxiety among people with whiplash injury.Neck problems in terms of pain and stiffness, either with or without objective clinical findings such as decreased range of motion and tenderness at palpation (WAD grades I and II), are most common. Symptoms usually appear within the first day and up to a few days after whiplash trauma. Headache commonly occurs, along with pain in the shoulders and the thoracic spine. Neurological symptoms are present in approximately 20% of pat...

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The engineering of whiplash: A clinician's work is never done

Ferrari¹

2000

Arthritis & Rheumatism

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Experimental Investigation on Injury Mechanisms of Cervical Spine at Frontal and Rear-Front Vehicle Impacts

Cited by 42 publications

References 11 publications

In vitro low-speed side collisions cause injury to the lower cervical spine but do not damage alar ligaments

In vitro low-speed side collisions cause injury to the lower cervical spine but do not damage alar ligaments

Whiplash injuries and associated disorders: new insights into an old problem

The engineering of whiplash: A clinician's work is never done

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