Experimental investigations of three laser-induced synchronized bubbles

Impact-driven cavitation bubble dynamics

“…For all simulations, these initial values are set to R(t = 0) = 54.5 μ m with a bubble wall velocity of Ṙ(t = 0) = 1280m/s. These values fit the static case well and are in agreement with measurements, see (Kröninger et al 2010;Lauterborn and Vogel 2013;Bao et al 2021).…”

Dynamics of nanosecond laser-induced shock waves in water using multiple excitation beams

“…The excitation measurements of Carome [27] were confirmed and extended by high-speed photography of the laser-generated bubbles as well as the emitted shock waves [30]. In 2021, Bao et al [6] characterized the interaction process of three underwater cavitation bubbles induced by a pulsed laser by using the Schlieren method. Nonetheless, it is still difficult to find good parameters for the breakdown of the shock wave and bubble simultaneously, mainly because complex internal processes such as heat conduction and mass transfer (evaporation and condensation) in the bubble are not considered in the numerical simulations.…”

“…Photo-ionization in bulk water occurs and leads to the generation of hot plasma when the incident laser irradiance exceeds a certain threshold [1][2][3][4][5]. Subsequently, the hot plasma drives shock wave emission and bubble oscillation [2,6,7]. The mechanism and phenomenon of shock waves induced by nanosecond laser pulse have been widely studied arising from its various applications including clinical surgery, drug delivery, and low-invasive medical treatments to name a few [8][9][10][11][12].…”

“…Based on this, a cylindrical shock wave was created underwater by overlapping of multiple shock waves induced by a tightly focused femtosecond laser by Potemkin et al [32] However, in the process of multiple independent underwater breakdowns, the propagation of a single shock wave and the information it carries, the relationships between multiple shock waves, and their interaction are still unclear and need further study. To date, as applications continue to emerge and expand, especially in the medical field, we have seen a lot of studies on laser-induced optical breakdown in water with bubbles and shock wave formation [2,6,22]. Meanwhile, many articles concerning laser-induced optical breakdown include the understanding and discovery of shock waves and cavitation bubbles [33][34][35].…”