Experimental investigations on fiber laser color marking of steels

Amara, El-Hachemi; Haïd, F.; Noukaz, A.

doi:10.1016/j.apsusc.2015.05.095

Cited by 57 publications

(41 citation statements)

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“…The produced markings are very sharp, reproducible and precise. Another benefit is that the process enables flexible change of marking colours on the fly with respect to laser processing parameters [6,[13][14][15][16].Titanium and its alloys have several specific properties, like good strength to weight ratio, high strength, good chemical stability, high temperature stability, biocompatibility, corrosion resistance and resistance to fatigue and wear, and can be heat treated or surface treated in order to achieve particular hardness and strength [11,26].Laser induced oxidation of metals is a gaseous high-temperature corrosion process, where thin layers of oxides or other more complex oxidation formations are formed. With this process, different colours can be produced on the titanium surface.…”

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“…Among these parameters, the produced colours, i.e., layer thickness and its composition, are directly affected by scanning speed, while the reproducibility of colours is highly sensitive to hatching distance at constant laser parameters. Researchers have also noted that other parameters, such as material surface temperature and laser fluence, have an influence on the produced colour but are hard to control if the size and shape of the product is changing [6,[13][14][15][16]28].The reactions and their product compositions are based on thermodynamic data and kinetic coefficients. Since laser induced oxidation is usually done in an air atmosphere (mixture of gases), the processes are non-isothermal and thus the oxidation results are usually very complex.…”

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Influence of Laser Colour Marking on the Corrosion Properties of Low Alloyed Ti

et al. 2019

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In the field of surface treatment, laser colour marking can be used to produce coloured marks on the surfaces of metals. Laser colour markings can be applied to various materials, but on titanium alloys a wide spectra of vivid colours can be achieved. This study presents an analysis of the corrosion properties of laser treated surfaces that were exposed to aggressive environments. Different samples were prepared with laser light of various power intensities and processing speeds. The samples were prepared on low alloyed Ti. Electrochemical, spectroscopic and microstructural analyses were conducted in order to study the properties of the laser treated surfaces. Corrosion testing showed different effects of laser power and production speed on the properties of the laser treated surfaces. It was shown that a high intensity and slow processing rate affect the surfaces by forming oxides that are relatively stable in a corrosive environment of 0.1 M NaCl. Spectroscopic investigations including scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analyses showed the differences in chemical structure of the surface layer formed after laser treatment. Similarly, microstructural investigations showed different effects on the surface and sub-surface layer of the laser treated samples. advantages of laser induced oxidation are that the process is non-contact and that the marking of smaller surfaces can be made fast at relatively low cost. The produced markings are very sharp, reproducible and precise. Another benefit is that the process enables flexible change of marking colours on the fly with respect to laser processing parameters [6,[13][14][15][16].Titanium and its alloys have several specific properties, like good strength to weight ratio, high strength, good chemical stability, high temperature stability, biocompatibility, corrosion resistance and resistance to fatigue and wear, and can be heat treated or surface treated in order to achieve particular hardness and strength [11,26].Laser induced oxidation of metals is a gaseous high-temperature corrosion process, where thin layers of oxides or other more complex oxidation formations are formed. With this process, different colours can be produced on the titanium surface. During laser oxidation, titanium oxides are formed at the surface if the marking is carried out in an oxidative atmosphere. Titanium oxides are not expensive, biocompatible, non-toxic and mechanically and chemically stable [16]. On the surfaces, there are thin layers present in the form of anatase, brookite, rutile or in the amorphous phase [6,13,16]. In the white light spectrum, they are highly transparent and exhibit a wide spectrum of vivid colours as a result of the interference between white light and the borders between different phases. The obtained colours depend on the thickness of the oxide layer, refractive index and the interference between light and incidence angle [6,13,15,27]. There are many laser parameters, such as pulse duration, pulse repetition rate, pulse en...

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Influence of Laser Colour Marking on the Corrosion Properties of Low Alloyed Ti

et al. 2019

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“…The controllable coloration of stainless steel at laser heating in the air was shown [3]. It was implemented through the formation of oxide films using solid-state and fiber lasers with several wavelengths: 355 nm [4], 532 nm [5], 1064 nm [3,[6][7][8][9][10]; the composition of the films was found. These oxide films demonstrated resistance to external influences [9].…”

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Development of complete color palette based on spectrophotometric measurements of steel oxidation results for enhancement of color laser marking technology

et al. 2016

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“…The color patterns were marked on stainless steel by an infrared laser [5,6], or fiber laser [7][8][9][10][11][12] or KrF excimer laser [13] or UV laser [14] and marked on titanium by a fiber laser [15,16]. These studies mainly focused on the influence of laser processing parameters on the resulting colors and the analysis of laser induced oxide films on metal surfaces.…”

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Laser-Induced Color Marking of Titanium Alloy

2016

TELKOMNIKA

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Keywords: laser color marking, titanium alloy, surface oxidation, laser processing parameterCopyright © 2016 Universitas Ahmad Dahlan. All rights reserved. IntroductionColor markings on metal surfaces are made by the traditional technologies such as printing, electroplating, painting and so on. However, these processes have some limitations in practical applications [1]. The poor scratch and wear of printing coatings and complexity of electroplating processes and high cost of paintings are recognized problems. So the traditional color marking technologies are gradually replaced by the laser color marking technology which requires a laser to scan the metal surface and give rise to surface oxidation to create a permanent color marking on a metal surface and does not use any chemicals, coatings or tools [2]. The laser-induced color patterns can make the metal surface visually more attractive and are gaining interest for consumer products [3,4].A lot of investigations have been carried out to better understand the laser color marking process. The color patterns were marked on stainless steel by an infrared laser [5,6], or fiber laser [7][8][9][10][11][12] or KrF excimer laser [13] or UV laser [14] and marked on titanium by a fiber laser [15,16]. These studies mainly focused on the influence of laser processing parameters on the resulting colors and the analysis of laser induced oxide films on metal surfaces. It has been proved that the laser-induced colors are sensitive to laser processing parameters which consistently appear in these studies are laser power, scanning speed, and focal plane offset. But the controlled parameters differ in various laser marking systems. The effect of other parameters on the laser-induced colors was not reported, such as pumping current, Q-switch frequency, laser line spacing, Q release time etc. Regarding the analysis of oxide films, the surface morphology and optical properties of the oxide films and their thickness were mainly studied. But as the laser beam generates intense heat, internal stresses may occur, which may cause distortion of the substrates outside its limits. It is must be avoided in industrial applications of laser coloring marking technology. So far the related researches haven't been reported.In this study, a Nd:YAG nanosecond laser was used to mark several color square patterns of 5mm×5mm on titanium alloy substrates in air. The influence of selected laser processing parameters on the obtained colors was investigated by One-Factor-at-a-Time (OFAT) experiments. As well as the influence of the resulting colors on the substrate was

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Experimental investigations on fiber laser color marking of steels

Cited by 57 publications

References 14 publications

Influence of Laser Colour Marking on the Corrosion Properties of Low Alloyed Ti

Influence of Laser Colour Marking on the Corrosion Properties of Low Alloyed Ti

Development of complete color palette based on spectrophotometric measurements of steel oxidation results for enhancement of color laser marking technology

Laser-Induced Color Marking of Titanium Alloy

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