Experimental Methods to Study the Pathogenesis of Human Enteric RNA Viruses

Aggarwal, Somya; Hassan, Ebrahim; Baldridge, Megan T.

doi:10.3390/v13060975

Cited by 7 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 233 publications

(263 reference statements)

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“…Real time considered as the most sensitive and specific method for viral detection especially adenovirus, which improved by the high percentage of viral detection in our study compared with other diagnostic ways. The high prevalence of adenovirus noticed in diarrheic align with common cold cases in our study's result ,which agrees with the results of Thewainy and Hasony ( 2019) study where Viruses are the most frequent cause of acute intestinal infections in children (Agawam et al,2021).this would be attributed to many causes, which would be probability of infection etiology from water sources especially in children who deals in a careless manner, as Nguyen et al (2021) reported an existence of adenovirus in some water supplies which may represent probable source of those viruses in some patients. This is further supported by a study done in Iraq, where Jaff et al (2015) discovered that children who had access to tab water at home had a greater rate of viral infections than children who did not, and that infants who were exclusively breastfed had lower rates of adenovirus gastroenteritis.…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 93%

Molecular detection of adenovirus among patients with common cold symptoms in Fallujah by real time PCR

Mohammed

Hamad

2022

ijhs

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Introduction: The confirmation of adenovirus infection using Real time PCR (qPCR) afford a greater accuracy, with a specific, sensitive, quantitative technique as well as time consuming. Adenovirus infections can be detected using a variety of techniques, although the most accurate ones are molecular ones. Method: This study includes 90 patient who suffering from respiratory symptoms (common colds) and/or diarrhea with high temperature, their ages range from newborn to elderly, who are inpatients and outpatients resident in Fallujah Maternity and Children's Hospital and teaching hospital in Fallujah / Anbar governorate, from 1st November 2021 to 1st May 2022. All samples subjected to Adenovirus identification using Real Time PCR Test. Results: Out of total 90 blood sample there were 12(13.3%), 78(86.7%) Negative and positive results respectively, from Real Time PCR results.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 93%

Molecular detection of adenovirus among patients with common cold symptoms in Fallujah by real time PCR

Mohammed

Hamad

2022

ijhs

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“…Double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) viruses, such as rotavirus, are known to cause gastroenteritis in non-pregnant individuals [ 66 , 67 ]. However, the maternal immune response to this viral infection and the subsequent transfer of protective antibodies to the offspring play a key role in the prevention of severe neonatal disease, particularly in premature neonates [ 68 ].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Differential immunophenotype of circulating monocytes from pregnant women in response to viral ligands

Farías-Jofré

Romero

et al. 2023

BMC Pregnancy Childbirth

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Background Viral infections during pregnancy can have deleterious effects on mothers and their offspring. Monocytes participate in the maternal host defense against invading viruses; however, whether pregnancy alters monocyte responses is still under investigation. Herein, we undertook a comprehensive in vitro study of peripheral monocytes to characterize the differences in phenotype and interferon release driven by viral ligands between pregnant and non-pregnant women. Methods Peripheral blood was collected from third-trimester pregnant (n = 20) or non-pregnant (n = 20, controls) women. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were isolated and exposed to R848 (TLR7/TLR8 agonist), Gardiquimod (TLR7 agonist), Poly(I:C) (HMW) VacciGrade™ (TLR3 agonist), Poly(I:C) (HMW) LyoVec™ (RIG-I/MDA-5 agonist), or ODN2216 (TLR9 agonist) for 24 h. Cells and supernatants were collected for monocyte phenotyping and immunoassays to detect specific interferons, respectively. Results The proportions of classical (CD14hiCD16−), intermediate (CD14hiCD16+), non-classical (CD14loCD16+), and CD14loCD16− monocytes were differentially affected between pregnant and non-pregnant women in response to TLR3 stimulation. The proportions of pregnancy-derived monocytes expressing adhesion molecules (Basigin and PSGL-1) or the chemokine receptors CCR5 and CCR2 were diminished in response to TLR7/TLR8 stimulation, while the proportions of CCR5− monocytes were increased. Such differences were found to be primarily driven by TLR8 signaling, rather than TLR7. Moreover, the proportions of monocytes expressing the chemokine receptor CXCR1 were increased during pregnancy in response to poly(I:C) stimulation through TLR3, but not RIG-I/MDA-5. By contrast, pregnancy-specific changes in the monocyte response to TLR9 stimulation were not observed. Notably, the soluble interferon response to viral stimulation by mononuclear cells was not diminished in pregnancy. Conclusions Our data provide insight into the differential responsiveness of pregnancy-derived monocytes to ssRNA and dsRNA, mainly driven by TLR8 and membrane-bound TLR3, which may help to explain the increased susceptibility of pregnant women to adverse outcomes resulting from viral infection as observed during recent and historic pandemics.

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“…The majority of positive astrovirus specimens in this study were obtained from outpatients without dehydration. This may be because human astrovirus infection is commonly associated with moderate diarrhoea [19,20]. There was no association between diarrhoea cases in HAstVs positive and HAstVs negative samples.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Human Astrovirus in Symptomatic and Asymptomatic Children: A Cross-Sectional Study on Hospitalized and Outpatients from Rural Communities of South Africa between 2017–2021

et al. 2021

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Human astroviruses are considered acute gastroenteritis agents (AGE) and are largely reported in children worldwide. There are limited data on astrovirus prevalence in rural communities, especially in hospitalized and asymptomatic cases. This study was a cross-sectional survey aiming to investigate the prevalence of classic human astroviruses in symptomatic and asymptomatic cases and hospitalized and outpatient children in rural communities of the Vhembe District, South Africa. A total of 236 stool samples (166 symptomatic and 70 asymptomatic) were collected from young children under 5 years of age. Real-time RT-PCR for astrovirus detection, RT-PCR amplification of capsid and polymerase partial genes as well as Sanger sequencing were performed. The classic astrovirus prevalence in symptomatic patients (7.23%, 12/166) as compared to healthy controls (4.29%, 3/70) was not statistically different (t-value: 1.782, p = 0.141: 95% CI). We did not observe a significant difference of classic astrovirus prevalence rate between the hospitalized group (6.52%, 3/46) and outpatient group (7.5%, 9/120). Symptomatic children below 6 months old were the most affected group (18.18%, 6/33). This study characterized human astrovirus genotype 2 and a putative recombinant strain (polymerase genotype 1/capsid genotype 2). Phylogenetic analysis revealed these genotypes are closely related to the strains circulating elsewhere within the African continent. The findings suggest that astrovirus is a common enteric pathogen in the study area. The results highlight the exposure of children and the need to monitor astroviruses for their potential impact in diarrhoeal diseases.

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Experimental Methods to Study the Pathogenesis of Human Enteric RNA Viruses

Cited by 7 publications

References 233 publications

Molecular detection of adenovirus among patients with common cold symptoms in Fallujah by real time PCR

Molecular detection of adenovirus among patients with common cold symptoms in Fallujah by real time PCR

Differential immunophenotype of circulating monocytes from pregnant women in response to viral ligands

Human Astrovirus in Symptomatic and Asymptomatic Children: A Cross-Sectional Study on Hospitalized and Outpatients from Rural Communities of South Africa between 2017–2021

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