Experimental Mosquito-Transmission of Plasmodium Knowlesi to Man and Monkey

Chin, William; Contacos, Peter G.; Collins, William E.; Jeter, Marvin H.; Alpert, Edward

doi:10.4269/ajtmh.1968.17.355

Cited by 115 publications

(100 citation statements)

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“…They obtained a blood sample before treating him and sent the sample to Atlanta, GA, where chemotherapy trials on P. malariae were being conducted on volunteers at the U.S. Penitentiary in Atlanta. Inoculation of blood into the first volunteer and six other human volunteers produced quotidian or daily fever patterns, and subsequent inoculation of infected human blood into three rhesus macaques produced fatal infections, thereby confirming that the surveyor was naturally infected with P. knowlesi (23). This single case was followed by a presumptive human case of knowlesi malaria that was acquired in Johore, Peninsular Malaysia, in 1971, where detection was based on parasite morphology and serological methods, since no pretreatment blood was available for inoculation into rhesus macaques (24).…”

Section: Discovery and Early Studiesmentioning

confidence: 87%

Human Infections and Detection of Plasmodium knowlesi

2013

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SUMMARY Plasmodium knowlesi is a malaria parasite that is found in nature in long-tailed and pig-tailed macaques. Naturally acquired human infections were thought to be extremely rare until a large focus of human infections was reported in 2004 in Sarawak, Malaysian Borneo. Human infections have since been described throughout Southeast Asia, and P. knowlesi is now recognized as the fifth species of Plasmodium causing malaria in humans. The molecular, entomological, and epidemiological data indicate that human infections with P. knowlesi are not newly emergent and that knowlesi malaria is primarily a zoonosis. Human infections were undiagnosed until molecular detection methods that could distinguish P. knowlesi from the morphologically similar human malaria parasite P. malariae became available. P. knowlesi infections cause a spectrum of disease and are potentially fatal, but if detected early enough, infections in humans are readily treatable. In this review on knowlesi malaria, we describe the early studies on P. knowlesi and focus on the epidemiology, diagnosis, clinical aspects, and treatment of knowlesi malaria. We also discuss the gaps in our knowledge and the challenges that lie ahead in studying the epidemiology and pathogenesis of knowlesi malaria and in the prevention and control of this zoonotic infection.

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Section: Discovery and Early Studiesmentioning

confidence: 87%

Human Infections and Detection of Plasmodium knowlesi

2013

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“…Also in these villages because of the presence of a large number of human infected cases and vector population being in close proximity, human-to-human transmission cycle can be expected. In laboratory all four possible transmission cycles mentioned above were demonstrated (Chin et al 1968). But so far there has been no confirmed evidence for the presence of last two types of transmission cycles mentioned above.…”

Section: P Knowlesi Transmission Cycles and Its Site Of Transmissionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Both artesunate and artemether-lumifantrine were efficient in clearing the parasites, and treating uncomplicated and severe cases of P. knowlesi. P. knowlesi in humans: a case of malaria zoonoses Chin et al (1968) for the first time showed that P. knowlesi can be transmitted from monkeys to humans by an infected mosquito. These investigators used Anopheles balabacensis, a member of the Leucosphyrus complex placed under the Leucosphyrus Group (Sallum et al 2005).…”

Section: Clinical Symptoms Of P Knowlesi Infections and Treatmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Centenary celebrations article

Subbarao

2011

J Parasit Dis

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The identification of a large focus of Plasmodium knowlesi in Malaysian Borneo and subsequent reports from several countries in South-east Asia has led its recognition as the fifth human malaria parasite. The natural preferred hosts of this species still continue to be macaque monkeys that live in broad-leaf rain forests. This review describes the distribution of macaque monkeys, the Anopheles species belonging to the Leucosphyrus Group that have been incriminated as vectors, morphological and clinical features of this parasite, and the transmission cycles that have been identified for this parasite. As the North-eastern states of India share their borders with P. knowlesi malaria endemic countries and because travelers from countries in South-east Asia visit India and vice versa, risks of this parasite entering India and its spread are also discussed.

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“…Experimental P. knowlesi studies show a prepatent period of 9-12 days in humans (14). P. knowlesi has no liver hypnozoite stage and does not cause relapse (1).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%