Experimental observations and modelling relating to foaming and bubble growth from pentane loaded polystyrene melts

Generation of nanocellular foams from ABS terpolymers

“…However, higher surface tension is expected to decrease the cell growth rate and final cell size [26]. Consequently, surface forces depend on the desorption phenomenon and may affect the cell growth, even though their effect can be considered lower than that of viscoelastic forces in the present case [33][34][35][36][37]. This highlights the competition between diffusion and nucleation/cell growth phenomena and explains the appearance of optimum foaming temperatures at which the lowest foam densities were produced.…”

An arbitrary Lagrangian–Eulerian method for simulating bubble growth in polymer foaming

“…Second, real foams have a more or less random structure, with bubbles growing next to neighbors of various sizes and proximity. This is typically circumvented by using one-dimensional (1D) models of a single spherical bubble growing within a spherical shell [9]. Recently, 2D periodic cells have been used to represent bubble-bubble interactions [10,11].…”

Numerical simulation of polypropylene foaming process assisted by carbon dioxide: Bubble growth dynamics and stability

“…The simulation of bubble growth and stability is based on the well-known cell model (Arefmanesh and Advani, 1991;Leung et al, 2006;Shafi et al, 1996;Venerus et al, 1998;Venerus, 2001;Venerus, 2003;Tuladhar and Mackley, 2004). The cell model approximates the situation in polymer foaming by considering the growth of a single bubble with a shell of polymer-gas solution.…”