Experimental ophitoxemia produced by the opisthoglyphous lora snake (Philodryas olfersii) venom

Rodrı́guez-Acosta, Alexis; Lemoine, Karel; Navarrete, Luis F.; Girón, María E.; Aguilar, Irma

doi:10.1590/s0037-86822006000200012

Cited by 13 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 18 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…ICR mice (20-25 g, N = 4) were subcutaneously inoculated with five times subcutaneous median lethal dose (5 × SC LD 50 ) of N. naja venom and the neurological signs and symptoms were monitored. 27 In a separate experiment, 200 μL of the antivenom was intravenously administered to envenomed mice (20-25 g, N = 4, inoculated subcutaneously with 5 × LD 50 of the venom) upon the onset of posterior limb paralysis. All mice were observed for 24 hours for signs of deterioration or recovery.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Venom and Purified Toxins of the Spectacled Cobra (Naja naja) from Pakistan: Insights into Toxicity and Antivenom Neutralization

Wong¹,

Tan²,

Tan³

2016

The American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Abstract. Geographical variations of snake venoms can result in suboptimal effectiveness of Indian antivenoms that are currently used in most South Asian countries. This study investigated the toxicity and neutralization profile of the venom and toxins from Pakistani spectacled cobra, Naja naja, using VINS polyvalent antivenom (VPAV, India), Naja kaouthia monovalent antivenom (NKMAV, Thailand), and neuro bivalent antivenom (NBAV, Taiwan). Cationexchange and reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography fractionations followed by toxin identification through liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (MS)/MS indicated that the venom comprised mainly of postsynaptic neurotoxins (NTXs) (long neurotoxins [LNTXs], 28.3%; short neurotoxins [SNTXs], 8%), cytotoxins (CTXs) (31.2%), and acidic phospholipases A 2 (12.3%). NKMAV is the most effective in neutralizing the lethal effect of the venom (potency = 1.1 mg venom/mL) and its LNTX (potency = 0.5 mg toxin/mL), consistent with the high content of LNTX in N. kaouthia venom. VPAV was effective in neutralizing the CTX (potency = 0.4 mg toxin/mL), in agreement with the higher CTX abundance in Indian cobra venom. All the three antivenoms were weak in neutralizing the SNTX (potency = 0.03-0.04 mg toxin/mL), including NBAV that was raised from the SNTX-rich Taiwanese cobra venom. In a challenge-rescue experiment, envenomed mice were prevented from death by a maximal dose of VPAV (intravenous 200 μL) but the recovery from paralysis was slow, indicating the need for higher or repeated doses of VPAV. Our results suggest that optimal neutralization for Pakistani N. naja venom may be achieved by improving the formulation of antivenom production to enhance antivenom immunoreactivity against long and SNTXs.

show abstract

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Venom and Purified Toxins of the Spectacled Cobra (Naja naja) from Pakistan: Insights into Toxicity and Antivenom Neutralization

Wong¹,

Tan²,

Tan³

2016

The American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Consistent with many snake species, the most common symptoms presented by patients who have suffered bites from Viperidae and Colubridae snakes were pain and swelling (Ribeiro et al, 1999; Rodriguez-Acosta et al, 2006). Snake venoms are composed of many polypeptides and proteins that perform different functions.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Venom variation in hemostasis of the southern Pacific rattlesnake (Crotalus oreganus helleri): Isolation of hellerase

Salazar¹,

Guerrero²,

Cantu³

et al. 2009

Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part C: Toxicology &

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Envenomations by the Southern Pacific Rattlesnake (Crotalus oreganus helleri) are the most common snakebite accidents in southern California. Intraspecies venom variation may lead to unresponsiveness of antivenom therapy. Even in a known species, venom toxins are recognized as diverse in conformity with interpopulational, seasonal, ontogenetic and individual factors. Five venoms of individual C. o. helleri located in Riverside and San Bernardino counties of southern California were studied for their variation in their hemostasis activity. The results demonstrated that Riverside 2 and San Bernardino 1 venoms presented the highest lethal activity without hemorrhagic activity. In contrast, San Bernardino 2 and 3 venoms had the highest hemorrhagic and fibrinolytic activities with low lethal and coagulant activities. Riverside 1, Riverside 2 and San Bernardino 1 venoms presented a significant thrombin-like activity. San Bernardino 2 and 3 venoms presented an insignificant thrombin-like activity. In relation to the fibrinolytic activity, San Bernardino 3 venom was the most active on fibrin plates, which was in turn neutralized by metal chelating inhibitors. These results demonstrate the differences amongst C. o helleri venoms from close localities. A metalloproteinase, hellerase, was purified by anionic and cationic exchange chromatography from San Bernardino 3 venom. Hellerase exhibited the ability to break fibrin clots in vitro, which can be of biomedically importance in the treatment of heart attacks and strokes.

show abstract

“…Even though the toxicological effects of venom of several Philodryas species have been extensively studied in animal models, such as hematological alterations [4]; edema [49], myotoxicity [50], and neurotoxicity [51], the effects of P. chamissonis venom in vivo have been poorly explored. In Mus musculus mice, the 2.5 mg intraperitoneal inoculation of venom gland extract of P. chamissonis produces dyspnea, decay, ataxia, and hind limb paralysis, producing death at 115 min, but minor doses do not cause death [43,44].…”

Section: Toxicological Aspects: Pre-clinical and Molecular Evidencementioning

confidence: 99%

Philodryas (Serpentes: Dipsadidae) Envenomation, a Neglected Issue in Chile

Urra

Miranda-Calle²,

Araya‐Maturana

2019

Toxins

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Snakebite envenomation is considered a neglected tropical disease, although it also occurs outside the tropics. In this work, we analyzed the literature on Philodryas species in Chile (Philodryas chamissonis, P. simonsii, and P. tachymenoides) from 1834 to 2019, searching for epidemiological, clinical, and molecular aspects of envenomation. Ninety-one percent of the studies found regarded taxonomy, ecology, and natural history, suggesting that snakebites and venom toxins are a neglected issue in Chile. All snakebite cases reported and toxicological studies concerned the species Philodryas chamissonis. Using 185 distributional records from the literature and museum collections for this species, we show for the first time that the reported snakebite cases correlate with human population density, occurring in the Valparaiso and Metropolitan regions in Central Chile. The reduced number of snakebite cases, which were previously considered as having a low incidence in Chile, may be a consequence of under-reported cases, probably due to the inadequate publication or scarce research on this issue. Absence of information about official pharmacological treatment, post-envenoming sequels, clinical management of particular patient groups (e.g., with non-communicable diseases, pregnant women, and the elderly) was also detected. In conclusion, despite having over 185 years of literature on Chilean snakes, knowledge on the envenomation of Philodryas genus remains scarce, seriously affecting adequate medical handling during an ophidic accident. This review highlights the need to develop deep research in this area and urgent improvements to the management of this disease in Chile.

show abstract

Experimental ophitoxemia produced by the opisthoglyphous lora snake (Philodryas olfersii) venom

Cited by 13 publications

References 18 publications

Venom and Purified Toxins of the Spectacled Cobra (Naja naja) from Pakistan: Insights into Toxicity and Antivenom Neutralization

Venom and Purified Toxins of the Spectacled Cobra (Naja naja) from Pakistan: Insights into Toxicity and Antivenom Neutralization

Venom variation in hemostasis of the southern Pacific rattlesnake (Crotalus oreganus helleri): Isolation of hellerase

Philodryas (Serpentes: Dipsadidae) Envenomation, a Neglected Issue in Chile

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About