“…Also, various models for 'Maxwell's demon' type information engines, capable of extracting work from a single heat bath by utilizing information about the microscopic state of the system, were developed [17,18,19,20,21]. Recent technological advances in the active control and precision measurement of small fluctuating systems allowed the experimental realization of information engines in classical systems using colloidal particles [22,23,24,25,26,27,28], a single DNA hairpin [29], a single electron box [30], and a photodetector [31]; and in quantum systems using a superconducting qubit [32]. Consequently, generalized fluctuation theorems and several fundamental principles of information thermodynamics were verified experimentally [22,23,26,32,33,34,35].…”