Experimental repeatability, sensitivity, and reproducibility of force and strain measurements from within the periodontal ligament space during ex vivo swine tooth loading

Houg, Kathryn; Armijo, Leigh; Doschak, Michael R.; Major, Paul W.; Popowics, Tracy; Dennison, Christopher R.; Romanyk, Dan L.

doi:10.1016/j.jmbbm.2021.104562

Cited by 5 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…Experimental strains ranged from −3.13 to 4.48 µε, and FE strains ranged from 20,651 to 183,960 µε. Previously reported experimental FBG strain measures, with a similar experimental setup, were comparable to the experimental peak values found in this work, ranging from −5.77 to 11.68 µε with a tooth displacement of 0.20 mm (Houg et al 2021). Comparing exact strain magnitudes between different FE models is not practical, as a wide range of material properties for the PDL has been reported, and the properties are dependent on species, age, location along the root, displacement rate, and environment (Fill et al 2011).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 88%

“…During insertion, the needle, and therefore the FBG, will be partially guided by the unique shape of the PDL space. This could partially explain previous conclusions that FBGs can measure similar strains within but not between TPBCs (Houg et al 2021). Using the described insertion method, the depth, angle, and location of insertion can be controlled, but the location of the FBG tip is likely to depend on specimen geometry.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 76%

“…A fiber-optic sensing method using an in-fiber Bragg grating (FBG) sensor has been used to obtain strain measurements along the fiber direction from within the PDL space of an intact swine premolar ( Zen Karam et al 2012 ; Romanyk et al 2017 ; Houg et al 2021 ). An FBG is small and flexible, permitting insertion into an intact PDL space ( Hill and Meltz 1997 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…An FBG is small and flexible, permitting insertion into an intact PDL space ( Hill and Meltz 1997 ). Peak FBG strain measurements from within the PDL space have previously been reported on the order of microstrain (µε) ( Romanyk et al 2017 ; Houg et al 2021 ), while predictions from FE models using similar loading conditions were commonly reported on the order of 10,000 µε ( Qian et al 2009 ; Papadopoulou et al 2013 ; Nikolaus et al 2017 ; Knaup et al 2018 ; Ortún-Terrazas et al 2018 ). The apparent discrepancy between FBG strain and reported FE model strain indicates that the output strain measure is only a proxy representing PDL strain ( Houg et al 2021 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Previous investigation into FBG measurements within the PDL have demonstrated repeatability but lacked investigation of FBG location and relation to physical PDL strains ( Romanyk et al 2017 ; Houg et al 2021 ). As FE models have only been validated using indirect measurements and FBG measurements have been reported as proxy strain measures, both methods are considered estimates of physical strains within the PDL and cannot be used to validate one another.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Strain Measurement within an Intact Swine Periodontal Ligament

et al. 2022

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The periodontal ligament (PDL) provides support, proprioception, nutrition, and protection within the tooth–PDL–bone complex (TPBC). While understanding the mechanical behavior of the PDL is critical, current research has inferred PDL mechanics from finite element models, from experimental measures on complete TPBCs, or through direct measurement of isolated PDL sections. Here, transducers are used in an attempt to quantify ex vivo PDL strain. In-fiber Bragg grating (FBG) sensors are small flexible sensors that can be placed within an intact TPBC and yield repeatable strain measurements from within the PDL space. The objective of this study was to determine: 1) if the FBG strain measured from the PDL space of intact swine premolars ex vivo was equivalent to physical PDL strains estimated through finite element analysis and 2) if a change in FBG strain could be linearly related to a change in finite element strain under variable tooth displacement, applied to an intact swine TPBC. Experimentally, individual TPBCs were subjected to 2 displacements ( n = 14). The location of the FBG was determined from representative micro–computed tomography images. From a linear elastic finite element model of a TPBC, the strain magnitudes at the sensor locations were recorded. An experimental ratio (i.e., FBG strain at the first displacement divided by the FBG strain at the second displacement) and a finite element ratio (i.e., finite element strain at the first displacement divided by the finite element strain at the second displacement) were calculated. A linear regression model indicated a statistically significant relationship between the experimental and finite element ratio ( P = 0.017) with a correlation coefficient ( R2) of 0.448. It was concluded that the FBG sensor could be used as a measure for a change in strain and thus could be implemented in applications where the mechanical properties of an intact PDL are monitored over time.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 88%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 76%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Strain Measurement within an Intact Swine Periodontal Ligament

et al. 2022

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Harnessing Mechanical Stress with Viscoelastic Biomaterials for Periodontal Ligament Regeneration

Zhang,

Li,

Tian

et al. 2024

Advanced Science

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The viscoelasticity of mechanically sensitive tissues such as periodontal ligaments (PDLs) is key in maintaining mechanical homeostasis. Unfortunately, PDLs easily lose viscoelasticity (e.g., stress relaxation) during periodontitis or dental trauma, which disrupt cell–extracellular matrix (ECM) interactions and accelerates tissue damage. Here, Pluronic F127 diacrylate (F127DA) hydrogels with PDL‐matched stress relaxation rates and high elastic moduli are developed. The hydrogel viscoelasticity is modulated without chemical cross‐linking by controlling precursor concentrations. Under cytomechanical loading, F127DA hydrogels with fast relaxation rates significantly improved the fibrogenic differentiation potential of PDL stem cells (PDLSCs), while cells cultured on F127DA hydrogels with various stress relaxation rates exhibited similar fibrogenic differentiation potentials with limited cell spreading and traction forces under static conditions. Mechanically, faster‐relaxing F127DA hydrogels leveraged cytomechanical loading to activate PDLSC mechanotransduction by upregulating integrin–focal adhesion kinase pathway and thus cytoskeletal rearrangement, reinforcing cell–ECM interactions. In vivo experiments confirm that faster‐relaxing F127DA hydrogels significantly promoted PDL repair and reduced abnormal healing (e.g., root resorption and ankyloses) in delayed replantation of avulsed teeth. This study firstly investigated how matrix nonlinear viscoelasticity influences the fibrogenesis of PDLSCs under mechanical stimuli, and it reveals the underlying mechanobiology, which suggests novel strategies for PDL regeneration.

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In vivo measurement of strain in the periodontal space of pig (Sus scrofa) incisors using in‐fiber Bragg sensors

Popowics,

Hwang,

et al. 2024

Journal of Morphology

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The incisor teeth in pigs, Sus scrofa, function in association with a disc‐shaped snout to explore the environment for potential food. Understanding how mechanical loading applied to the tooth deforms the periodontal ligament (PDL) is important to determining the role of periodontal mechanoreceptors during food exploration and feeding. The objective of this study was to use fiber Bragg (FBG) sensors to measure strain in vivo within the PDL space of pig incisors. The central mandibular incisors of pigs underwent spring loaded lingual tipping during FBG strain recording within the labial periodontal space. FBG sensors were placed within the periodontal space of the central mandibular incisors of ~2–3‐month‐old farm pigs. The magnitude and orientation of spring loads are expected to mimic incisor contact with food. During incisor tipping with load calibrated springs, FBG strains in vitro (N = 6) and in vivo (N = 6) recorded at comparable load levels overlapped in range (−10–20 με). Linear regressions between peak FBG strains, that is, the highest recorded strain value, and baseline strains, that is, strain without applied spring load, were significant across all in vivo experiments (peak strain at 200 g vs. baseline, p = .04; peak strain at 2000 g vs. baseline p = .03; peak strain at 2000 g vs. 200 g, p = .004). These linear relationships indicate that on a per experiment basis, the maximum measured strain at different spring loads showed predictable differences. A Friedman test of the absolute value of peak strain confirmed the significant increase in strain between baseline, 200 g, and 2000 g spring activation (p = .02). Mainly compressive strains were recorded in the labial PDL space and increases in spring load applied in vivo generated increases in FBG strain measurements. These results demonstrate the capacity for FBG sensors to be used in vivo to assess transmission of occlusal loads through the periodontium. PDL strain is associated with mechanoreceptor stimulation and is expected to affect the functional morphology of the incisors. The overall low levels of strain observed may correspond with the robust functional morphology of pig incisors and the tendency for pigs to encounter diverse foods and substrates during food exploration.

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Experimental repeatability, sensitivity, and reproducibility of force and strain measurements from within the periodontal ligament space during ex vivo swine tooth loading

Cited by 5 publications

References 27 publications

Strain Measurement within an Intact Swine Periodontal Ligament

Strain Measurement within an Intact Swine Periodontal Ligament

Harnessing Mechanical Stress with Viscoelastic Biomaterials for Periodontal Ligament Regeneration

In vivo measurement of strain in the periodontal space of pig (Sus scrofa) incisors using in‐fiber Bragg sensors

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