“…Since water cannot withstand shear, the UGWs in water cylinders have no torsional modes, and only 10 longitudinal modes Lw(0,0-9) exist, as illustrated in Figure 2b. In spite of Lwp(0,m) and Twp(0,m) in Figure 2c, the α-mode can also be observed, which is dominated by radial displacement with dispersion in the low-frequency band and is similar to the Scholte wave with almost no dispersion in the high-frequency band [38,39]. Furthermore, there seems to be no influence of water on Tp(0,1) and Lp(0,1), whereas Lp(0,2) is split into multiple modes Lwp(0,2-10) by Lw(0,1-9), which means that Lwp(0,2-10) can be considered to be the combination of two water cylinder modes and a vacant pipe mode for the mode coupling of UGWs in different media [40].…”