“…19 This is in line with the earlier researches of Dagwa and Ibhadode 3 and Edokpia et al. 22 Figure 1.Plot of the hardness test values of the various PKF material samples. HRB: Rockwell Hardness Category B.…”
Section: Resultssupporting
confidence: 89%
“…5 It could be noted that the levels of obtained specific gravity are within the recommended values for brake pad application. 5,22,25 Figure 6.Plot of the specific gravity of the various PKF material samples.…”
Section: Resultsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…The following formula was used. 19,22,23 where W 1 is the weight after immersion and W 0 is the weight before immersion.…”
The development of automobile brake pad using locally sourced palm kernel fiber was carried out. Asbestos, a carcinogenic material, has been used for decades as a friction material. This development has thus prompted a couple of research efforts geared towards its replacement for brake pad manufacture. Palm kernel fiber was used as an alternative filler material in conjunction with various quantities of epoxy resin as the matrix. Three sets of compositions were made, and the resulting specimens subjected to physical and mechanical tests using standard materials, procedures, and equipment. The essence is to determine their suitability and hence possible performance in service. The result showed that sample C with 40% palm kernel fiber content having hardness, compressive strength, abrasion resistance, specific gravity, water absorption, and oil absorption of 178 MPa, 96.2 MPa, 1.67 mg/m, 1.8 g/cm3, 1.86%, and 0.89%, respectively, had an optimum performance rating. It was equally ascertained that increase in the filler content had the effect of increase in hardness, wear resistance, and specific gravity of the composite brake pad, while water and oil absorption got decreased when compared with results obtained by other researchers using conventional brake pads made of other friction materials including asbestos. This is an indicator that palm kernel fiber is a possible and effective retrofit for asbestos as a filler material in automotive brake pad manufacture.
“…19 This is in line with the earlier researches of Dagwa and Ibhadode 3 and Edokpia et al. 22 Figure 1.Plot of the hardness test values of the various PKF material samples. HRB: Rockwell Hardness Category B.…”
Section: Resultssupporting
confidence: 89%
“…5 It could be noted that the levels of obtained specific gravity are within the recommended values for brake pad application. 5,22,25 Figure 6.Plot of the specific gravity of the various PKF material samples.…”
Section: Resultsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…The following formula was used. 19,22,23 where W 1 is the weight after immersion and W 0 is the weight before immersion.…”
The development of automobile brake pad using locally sourced palm kernel fiber was carried out. Asbestos, a carcinogenic material, has been used for decades as a friction material. This development has thus prompted a couple of research efforts geared towards its replacement for brake pad manufacture. Palm kernel fiber was used as an alternative filler material in conjunction with various quantities of epoxy resin as the matrix. Three sets of compositions were made, and the resulting specimens subjected to physical and mechanical tests using standard materials, procedures, and equipment. The essence is to determine their suitability and hence possible performance in service. The result showed that sample C with 40% palm kernel fiber content having hardness, compressive strength, abrasion resistance, specific gravity, water absorption, and oil absorption of 178 MPa, 96.2 MPa, 1.67 mg/m, 1.8 g/cm3, 1.86%, and 0.89%, respectively, had an optimum performance rating. It was equally ascertained that increase in the filler content had the effect of increase in hardness, wear resistance, and specific gravity of the composite brake pad, while water and oil absorption got decreased when compared with results obtained by other researchers using conventional brake pads made of other friction materials including asbestos. This is an indicator that palm kernel fiber is a possible and effective retrofit for asbestos as a filler material in automotive brake pad manufacture.
“…In this section, a review is presented on brake pads in composites reinforced with agro-waste [12][13][14], single [15,16], dual/multiple fillers [17]. First, an introduction to the brake pad is made [18,19].…”
Section: Literature Reviewmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Fu et al [30] prepared brake pad composite from natural materials and metals to study the influence of both compositions of treated flax fibres and frictional temperature on frictional parameters (wear rate, frictional coefficient). Maleque et al [15] reinforced aluminium matrix with different degrees of coconut fibre contents (0, 5, 10, and 15 volume ratios) using the powder metallurgy method. Elevated density, higher compressive strength, and lower porosity of the 5 and 10% coconut fibre reinforced composite specimens were obtained.…”
Wear rate appraisals are currently indispensable on agro-waste filled composites for brake pads as they predict the expected lifespan of the materials. However, existing wear rate models are inaccurate as predictions omit the inflationary cost of the materials. In this paper, the idea is to account for the inflationary cost of the materials and adjust that into a pseudo wear rate model. The wear rate of agro-waste fillers in an organic matrix to create brake pads under dry sliding wear experiments was considered. Five composite specimens were fabricated in cylindrical specimen height of 14.5 mm and varying diameters of 8, 10, 12 and 15.5 mm and the material wear loss was measured. The 8, 10 and 12 mm diameter specimens revealed that the composite with the best and worst wear resistance were the wear rates of 0.6, 1.4, 1.73 mm3/Nm, and 3.07, 3.54, 4.19 mm3/Nm, respectively. The 15.5 mm diameter specimen showed lower wear rates of 2.13 and 2.14 and 1.56 mm3/Nm than commercial brake pad’s 2.58 mm3/Nm. The pseudo wear rate model predicts the impact of the independent variable i.e. inflationary cost, opportunity cost, time, and sample size. The utility of this effort is to assist the composite manufacturers to take cost-effective decisions and design optimisation can be accomplished to lower the cost of composite products.
In this work, eco‐friendly brake friction composites were developed using walnut shell powder‐fly ash‐white ark shell powder (agro‐industrial‐sea waste). The waste materials content in the friction composites varied from 33 to 53 wt% including a fixed content of fly ash (30 wt%) and walnut shell powder (3 wt%) and a varying amount of white ark shell powder (WASP) from 0 to 20 wt% with a step of 5 wt%. The fabricated specimens were characterized for tribo‐performance and compared with commercial brake lining specimen (CBLS) in compliance with ASTM G99 standards using pin‐on‐disc test setup under dry conditions. The specimens were tested for the disc speed varying from 500 to 2000 rpm under 50 and 150 N of normal loads. The friction coefficients and volume loss of the fabricated specimens were found insensitive to the compositional changes and highly sensitive to the normal load and disc speeds. SEM‐EDS analysis showed the frequent formation of friction films at higher disc speed and integration and disintegration of contact plateaus responsible for the changes in the friction and wear behavior. The direct comparison between the friction coefficient and volume loss indicated that 10 wt% of WASP in compensation with BaSO4 may be used to develop the brake friction composite.Highlights
Brake friction composites prepared from the waste materials offered μ‐values from 0.31 to 0.6 in comparison with the CBLS.
Friction coefficient dropped significantly at higher disc speed.
Morphological and elemental analysis supported in estimating the probable friction and wear mechanisms.
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