Experimental Tests of a Prototype of IMU-Based Closed-Loop Fuzzy Control System for Mobile FES Cycling with Pedaling Wheelchair

Abstract

Rehabilitation training with pedaling wheelchair in combination with functional electrical stimulation (FES) can be effective for decreasing the risk of falling significantly. Automatic adjustment of cycling speed and making a turn without standstill has been desired for practical applications of the training with mobile FES cycling. This study aimed at developing closed-loop control system of cycling speed with the pedaling wheelchair. Considering clinical practical use with no requirement of extensive modifications of the wheelchair, measurement method of cycling speed with inertial motion measurement units (IMUs) was introduced, and fuzzy controller for adjusting stimulation intensity to regulate cycling speed was designed. The developed prototype of closed-loop FES control system achieved appropriately cycling speed for the different target speeds in most of control trials with neurologically intact subjects. In addition, all the control trials of low speed cycling including U-turn achieved maintaining the target speed without standstill. Cycling distance and cycling time increased with the closed-loop control of low cycling speed compensating decreasing of cycling speed caused by muscle fatigue. From these results, the developed closed-loop fuzzy FES control system was suggested to work reliably in mobile FES cycling.

Contributions of the Cybathlon championship to the literature on functional electrical stimulation cycling among individuals with spinal cord injury: A bibliometric review

“… 9 FES can enable those with SCI to perform different functional tasks such as grasping, 10 walking, 10 standing, 11 transferring, 7 cycling, 12 and rowing. 13 Because walking and sitting-to-standing accomplished with the use of FES imposes the risk of falling in individuals with SCI, 14 researchers and clinical practitioners have favored FES-evoked cycling as an exercise therapy due to its safety. During FES-evoked cycling, electrical stimulation is applied to the overlying key muscles to provide the force needed to pedal the bike 15 at the correct force-producing crank angle.…”

Closed-loop Functional Electrical Stimulation (FES) – cycling rehabilitation with phase control Fuzzy Logic for fatigue reduction control strategies for stroke patients

“…In recent years, there has been a surge of interest in the field of FES for muscle control, attracting attention from control and system engineers. Various advanced control techniques have been explored to address the complex challenges associated with FES, including the control of activities such as standing up [13,14,15], cycling [2,14,15,16], and knee joint movement [1] [7]. While these techniques have shown promise, they come with their own strengths and limitations, and it is essential to critically evaluate their effectiveness and potential shortcomings.…”

Effects of releasing ankle joint during electrically evoked cycling in persons with motor complete spinal cord injury

“…Typically, persons with SCI have weak ankle muscles 23 or no muscle power and do not have the ability to control ankle muscle contractions 24 and movement. During FES-evoked cycling, solid AFOs are often used to limit and control the ankle motion 25 at 90° angle 26 and provide shank stability 19 that restricts leg movements in the sagittal plane 27 . Ferrante et al 28 reported that the calf muscles generate limited knee flexion action due to the presence of solid AFO, which might reduce the maximum power during FES-evoked cycling in these individuals.…”