Explaining low mortality among US immigrants relative to native-born Americans: the role of smoking

Blue, Laura; Fenelon, Andrew

doi:10.1093/ije/dyr011

Cited by 149 publications

(142 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…In Europe this has been documented for England and Wales (Wallace and Kulu 2014), Germany (Razum et al 1998;Ronellenfitsch et al 2006), France (Boulogne et al 2012;Courbage and Khlat 1996), Spain (Moncho et al 2015), and Belgium (Anson 2004), among others. The predominant pattern of lower immigrant all-cause mortality is observed also in high-income countries outside of Europe, such as New Zealand (Hajat et al 2010), Canada (McDonald andKennedy 2004), and the U.S. (Argeseanu, Ruben, and Narayan 2008;Blue and Fenelon 2011;Choi 2012;Singh and Miller 2004;Singh and Siahpush 2002). With the exception of Singh and Miller (2004), the aforementioned studies suggest protective effects of a similar magnitude for male and female immigrants.…”

Section: Existing Researchmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…Many health behaviors that relate to mortality, such as smoking, alcohol use, nutritional intake, and physical activity, have been shown to vary between immigrants and the host population (see e.g., Bennett 1993;Blue and Fenelon 2011;Singh and Siahpush 2002;Wandel 1993). Immigrants may adopt some of the habits of the host population and this may increase or decrease mortality, depending on the prevalence of the behavior in question in the country of origin relative to that in the host population (i.e., whether migrants move from a low risk to a high risk country or vice versa).…”

Section: Acculturation Social Status and Social Causationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…On the other hand, some studies show that some immigrant groups are more likely to smoke, less physically active, and obese (Carlsson et al 2014;Westerling and Rosen 2002), and this too concurs with a Norwegian Study (Kumar et al 2008). However, research also shows that although immigrants' risk of adopting unhealthy behaviors increases with duration of residence, they remain below the national average (Blue and Fenelon 2011;Singh and Siahpush 2002).…”

Section: Acculturation Social Status and Social Causationmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Differences in all-cause mortality

Syse¹,

Strand²,

Næss³

et al. 2016

DemRes

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BACKGROUNDDifferences in all-cause mortality between immigrants and host populations may provide insight into health inequities that could be reduced. OBJECTIVEDeath risks of adult immigrants were compared to those of the host population to assess effects of country of origin, duration of residence, calendar period, and sociodemographic characteristics, i.e., sex, education, and marital and parental status. METHODSRegistry data encompassing the entire Norwegian population age 25-79 in 1990-2012 were used to compare death risks in various immigrant groups and the host population, using discrete-time hazard regression models with time-varying covariates. RESULTSOver 451,000 deaths occurred in around 4.4 million individuals. After adjusting for sex, age, and calendar period, immigrants had an 8% survival advantage (odds ratio (OR) 0.92). Death-risk estimates for immigrants were lowered pronouncedly by further adjustment of sociodemographic factors (OR 0.81). The greatest survival advantage was observed among immigrants with a short duration of residence. With increasing lengths of stay, immigrants' risk of death became similar to that of the host population. The CONCLUSIONSImmigrants have a 20% survival advantage compared to the host population. The convergence in mortality with increasing duration of residence suggests that 'healthy migrant' and 'acculturation' effects counteract each other, and warrants further research on the health and welfare of long-term immigrants.

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Section: Existing Researchmentioning

confidence: 97%

Section: Acculturation Social Status and Social Causationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Acculturation Social Status and Social Causationmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Differences in all-cause mortality

Syse¹,

Strand²,

Næss³

et al. 2016

DemRes

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“…Some authors have suggested the role of smoking in differences in mortality between Hispanics and NHWs. 52,[64][65][66][67][68][69] Although studies indicate that foreign-born Hispanics are less likely to smoke than US-born Hispanics, 67,69 none have demonstrated an influence on survival after diagnosis of lung cancer.…”

Section: Patel Et Almentioning

confidence: 99%

How Do Social Factors Explain Outcomes in Non–Small-Cell Lung Cancer Among Hispanics in California? Explaining the Hispanic Paradox

Patel

Schupp

Gomez

et al. 2013

JCO

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Purpose Hispanics in the United States have lower age-adjusted mortality resulting from non–small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) compared with non-Hispanic whites (NHWs). The purpose of this study was to evaluate individual, clinical, and neighborhood factors in survival among Hispanics with NSCLC. Patients and Methods We performed a retrospective analysis of NHWs and Hispanics with NSCLC between 1998 and 2007 in the California Cancer Registry (follow-up to December 2009). Kaplan-Meier curves depict survival by nativity for Hispanics with NSCLC. Cox proportional hazards models estimated hazard of mortality by race with adjustment for individual (age, sex, marital status), clinical (histologic grade, surgery, irradiation, chemotherapy), and neighborhood factors (neighborhood socioeconomic status, ethnic enclave). Results We included 14,280 Hispanic patients with NSCLC. Foreign-born Hispanics had 15% decreased risk of disease-specific mortality resulting from NSCLC compared with NHWs (hazard ratio [HR], 0.85; 95% CI, 0.83 to 0.88) after adjustment for individual, clinical, and neighborhood factors. After adjustment for individual factors, compared with US-born Hispanics, foreign-born Hispanics had 10% decreased risk of disease-specific mortality (HR, 0.90; 95% CI, 0.87 to 0.96). Clinical and neighborhood factors slightly moderated the survival benefit for foreign-born patients. A modestly more pronounced survival advantage was seen for foreign-born Hispanics living in low socioeconomic and high Hispanic enclave neighborhoods as compared with US-born Hispanics (HR, 0.86; 95% CI, 0.81 to 0.90). Conclusion Foreign-born Hispanics with NSCLC have a decreased risk of disease-specific mortality compared with NHWs and US-born Hispanics with NSCLC. Neighborhood factors slightly moderate this survival advantage. This survival advantage is slightly more pronounced in lower socioeconomic and higher Hispanic enclave neighborhoods.

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“…In our study, there was a paradoxical effect showing a trend toward an improved overall survival in Hispanics compared to Non-Hispanics, even when controlling for all other variables in the multivariate analysis. The Hispanic paradox has been well described (Turra and Elo, 2008;Blue and Fenelon, 2011).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Long-Term Survival of Women with Locally Advanced Breast Cancer with ≥10 Involved Lymph Nodes at Diagnosis

Zeichner

Cavalcante²,

Suciu³

et al. 2014

Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention

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Background: Axillary lymph node status at diagnosis remains the strongest predictor of long-term survival in breast cancer. Patients with more than ten axillary lymph nodes at diagnosis have a poor long-term survival. In this single institutional study, we set out to evaluate the prognosis of this high-risk group in the era of multimodality therapy. Materials and Methods: In this retrospective study, we looked at all breast cancer patients with greater than ten axillary lymph nodes diagnosed at Mount Sinai Medical Center (MSMC) from January 1st 1990 to December 31st 2007 (n=161). In the univariate analysis, descriptive frequencies, median survival, and 5-and 10-year survival rates were estimated for common prognostic factors. A multivariate prognostic analysis for time-to-event data, using the extended Cox regression model was carried out. Results: With a median and mean follow-up of 70 and 89.9 months, respectively, the overall median survival was estimated to be 99 months. The five-year disease-free survival (DFS) was 59.3% and the ten-year DFS was 37.9%, whereas the five-and ten-year overall survival (OS) was 66.6% and 43.9%, respectively. Multivariate analysis revealed a significant improvement in DFS among black patients compared to whites (p=0.05), improved DFS and OS among young patients (ages 21-45) compared to elderly patients (age greater than 70) (p=0.00176, p=0.0034, respectively), and improved DFS and OS among patients whose tumors were ER positive (p=0.049, p=0.0034). Conclusions: In this single institution study of patients with greater than 10 positive axillary nodes, black patients had a significantly improved DFS compared with white patients. Young age and ER tumor positivity was associated with improved outcomes. Using multivariate analysis, there were no other variables associated with statistically significant improvements in DFS or OS including date of diagnosis. Further work is needed to improve breast cancer survival in this subgroup of patients.

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Explaining low mortality among US immigrants relative to native-born Americans: the role of smoking

Abstract: Low smoking-related mortality was the main reason for immigrants' and Hispanics' longevity advantage in the USA in 2000.

Cited by 149 publications

References 23 publications

Differences in all-cause mortality

Differences in all-cause mortality

How Do Social Factors Explain Outcomes in Non–Small-Cell Lung Cancer Among Hispanics in California? Explaining the Hispanic Paradox

Long-Term Survival of Women with Locally Advanced Breast Cancer with ≥10 Involved Lymph Nodes at Diagnosis

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