Explaining national variations of air pollution levels: Political institutions and their impact on environmental policy‐making

Crepaz, Markus M. L.

doi:10.1080/09644019508414213

Cited by 147 publications

(67 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…Although the debate about the effect of corporatism on environmental indicators indicates effects in both directions, the results from this table would be in the line with the arguments of Crepaz (1995), who finds that a more corporatist structure of society will favor demands for higher environmental protection. The reason is that corporatism has well-defined interest representation of small groups that are constantly consulted by policymakers.…”

Section: Interaction With Other Political Institutional Variablessupporting

confidence: 77%

Are Environmental Taxes Affected by Legislatures` Ideological Positions?

Miller

Vela

2013

SSRN Journal

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Standard-Nutzungsbedingungen:Die Dokumente auf EconStor dürfen zu eigenen wissenschaftlichen Zwecken und zum Privatgebrauch gespeichert und kopiert werden.Sie dürfen die Dokumente nicht für öffentliche oder kommerzielle Zwecke vervielfältigen, öffentlich ausstellen, öffentlich zugänglich machen, vertreiben oder anderweitig nutzen.Sofern die Verfasser die Dokumente unter Open-Content-Lizenzen (insbesondere CC-Lizenzen) zur Verfügung gestellt haben sollten, gelten abweichend von diesen Nutzungsbedingungen die in der dort genannten Lizenz gewährten Nutzungsrechte. The opinions expressed in this publication are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the Inter-American Development Bank, its Board of Directors, or the countries they represent. Terms of use: Documents inThe unauthorized commercial use of Bank documents is prohibited and may be punishable under the Bank's policies and/or applicable laws. Copyright ©Inter-American Development Bank. This working paper may be reproduced for any non-commercial purpose. It may also be reproduced in any academic journal indexed by the American Economic Association's EconLit, with previous consent by the Inter-American Development Bank (IDB), provided that the IDB is credited and that the author(s) receive no income from the publication. Cataloging-in-Publication 2013 AbstractEnvironmental taxes have been discussed as one of the main mechanisms to deal with environmental problems. Nonetheless, instruments of this type have rarely been implemented, and the adoption of new or higher environmental taxes has faced resistance in some countries. The purpose of this work is to identify one possible political answer to why adoption of environmental taxes varies. One explanation is that legislatures' ideological position affects the degree of usage of taxes generally and environmental taxes in particular. For example, right-wing parties tend to be less associated with environmental concerns and more associated with lower government intervention. This paper presents evidence that reflects this relationship, showing the positive association of more left-wing legislatures with higher levels of environmental taxation. A panel of data for 37 developed and developing countries over 16 years is used considering the percentage of total revenue from environmentally related taxes, the ratio of this revenue to total energy use and tax levels in industry and household sectors. The results show that most of these impacts involve environmentally related taxes in the industry sector. Proportional representation electoral systems and high seat concentration by few parties appear to be necessary conditions for the negative relation of right-wing ideology with environmental taxes.JEL classification: H23, P16, Q58.

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Section: Interaction With Other Political Institutional Variablessupporting

confidence: 77%

Are Environmental Taxes Affected by Legislatures` Ideological Positions?

Miller

Vela

2013

SSRN Journal

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“…Similar to Benton's (1997) point with regard to left-wing parties, Scruggs (1999, p. 7) also argues that environmental degradation affects the material aspirations of trade unions and that they are not necessarily inimical to non-material policy issues either since they 'have long pursued intangible "quality of life" issues'. Against this, Hukkinen (1995) It is not just differences in interest representation, however, that set aside corporatism from pluralism according to Crepaz (1995) and Scruggs (1999). There are also fundamental differences in the capacity to put environmental protection into reality.…”

Section: The Effects Of Left-wing Party Strength and Corporatism On Ementioning

confidence: 99%

“…As concerns corporatism, Crepaz (1995) and Scruggs (1999) are the major proponents of the view that a more corporatist structure of society and economy is favourable to environmental outcomes. Corporatism can be defined as 'a system of interest representation in which a small number of strategic actors (usually representatives of capital and labour), organised in peak associations, represent large parts of the population in an encompassing fashion' (Crepaz, 1995, p.…”

Section: The Effects Of Left-wing Party Strength and Corporatism On Ementioning

confidence: 99%

“…The major focus of Crepaz (1995) is on testing the effect of corporatism. He pools per capita air pollution data of 18 OECD-countries from two years (1980 and 1990 or 1991).…”

Section: Review Of Existing Quantitative Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These advanced techniques have the advantage that they can fully exploit the cross-sectional and time-series variation of the data (random-effects estimator) or use the time-series variation only, but control for unobserved heterogeneity across countries (fixed-effects estimator). Crepaz (1995) uses observations from two moments in time, but instead of using a fixed-effects or random-effects estimator, he uses OLS, which suffers from heterogeneity bias if unobserved country effects are correlated with his explanatory variables (Wooldridge, 2002).…”

Section: Review Of Existing Quantitative Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Are left-wing party strength and corporatism good for the environment? Evidence from panel analysis of air pollution in OECD countries

Neumayer

2003

Ecological Economics

256

178

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Abstract. The effect of left-wing party strength and corporatism on air pollution levels in up to 21 OECD countries over the period 1980 or 1990 to 1999 is tested with both fixed-effects and random-effects estimators. Controlling for scale, composition, technique as well as aggregate time effects, robust evidence is found that parliamentary green/left-libertarian party strength is associated with lower pollution levels. The rise of ecologically oriented parties has thus had a real impact on air pollution levels.Traditional left-wing party strength is possibly also associated with lower pollution levels, but the evidence is less consistent and robust. Combined left-wing party strength in government is possibly associated with higher pollution levels, but this result is also far from robust and is practically small. No evidence is found for a consistent systematic impact of corporatism on pollution levels.

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Ecological modernization and the environmental transition of Europe: between national variations and common denominators

Mol

1999

J. Environ. Policy Plann.

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Environmental policies and politics in the countries of the European Union (EU) have transformed dramatically over the past two decades. Ecological modernization theory has tried to understand and capture the nature of the transformations from the mid‐1980s onwards, having a limited number of North‐west European nations as its empirical base. This article reviews the development of ecological modernization ideas for analysing such environmental reforms, especially focusing on the tension between national variations reported in empirical research and common denominators claimed by ecological modernization theorists. The article concludes that (i) since the empirical basis on which ecological modernization ideas are founded (environmental reforms in North‐west Europe) shows remarkable diversity, we do not have to be too afraid of diversity and other regional ‘variations’ of ecological modernization ideas; and (ii) there is still sufficient common ground among national variations and sufficient distinction and debate with other schools of thought in the environmental social sciences to speak of one theory. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

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Explaining national variations of air pollution levels: Political institutions and their impact on environmental policy‐making

Cited by 147 publications

References 22 publications

Are Environmental Taxes Affected by Legislatures` Ideological Positions?

Are Environmental Taxes Affected by Legislatures` Ideological Positions?

Are left-wing party strength and corporatism good for the environment? Evidence from panel analysis of air pollution in OECD countries

Ecological modernization and the environmental transition of Europe: between national variations and common denominators

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