Explaining the gender difference in depressive symptoms.

Nolen–Hoeksema, Susan; Larson, Judith; Grayson, Carla E.

doi:10.1037/0022-3514.77.5.1061

Cited by 1,282 publications

(878 citation statements)

References 56 publications

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“…This is consistent with the possibility that past findings that ignore nonrandom dropout due to mortality may underestimate the age-related declines in life satisfaction (Mroczek & Spiro III, 2005). Our study extended earlier findings of gender differences in depressive symptoms (Barefoot et al, 2001;Nolen-Hoeksema, Larson, & Grayson, 1999). By including old-old and oldest-old adults in our large sample, the age by gender interaction effect indicates that gender gap in depressive symptoms reduced from young-old to old-old and reversed at the extremes of old age.…”

supporting

confidence: 93%

Trajectories of depressive symptoms in old age: Integrating age-, pathology-, and mortality-related changes.

Chui¹,

Gerstorf

Hoppmann³

et al. 2015

Psychology and Aging

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Late life involves a variety of different challenges to well-being. This study extends upon and qualifies propositions drawn from the paradox of well-being in aging using 15-year longitudinal data on depressive symptoms from old and very old participants in the Australian Longitudinal Study of Ageing (at baseline n = 2,087, M age = 78.69 years, range = 65-103 years; 49.40% women). We first examined age-related trajectories in depressive symptoms from young-old to oldest-old, taking into account (changes in) relevant correlates, pathology, and mortality, and, second, investigated gender differences in these trajectories. Results revealed that age-related trajectories of depressive symptoms were indeed predictive of mortality hazards. The unique predictive effects of both level of, and change in, depressive symptoms were independent of one another and hold after taking into account education as well as changes in marital status, living arrangements, cognitive function, and illness burden. In addition, results indicated that depressive symptoms were elevated among participants suffering from arthritis, and increased with age more markedly in men than in women. In particular, the significant age by gender interaction indicated that the gender gap in depressive symptoms reduced from young-old to oldold and reversed in very old age when men showed more depressive symptoms than women.Qualifying the paradox of well-being in aging, findings demonstrate that depressive symptoms increased from young-old to oldest-old and suggest that age-, pathology-, and mortality-related changes should be examined in concert to advance our understanding of individual differences in Late life involves many challenges with consequences for changes in well-being (Baltes, 1997; Berg, 1996; Birren & Cunningham, 1985). Yet, in contrast to age-normative declines in physical health and cognitive functioning, a myriad of studies provide empirical evidence of a relative stability or even improvement in well-being in old age (Charles & Carstensen, 2010; Charles, Reynolds, & Gatz, 2001;Mather, 2012;Mroczek & Kolarz, 1998). This preservation of well-being despite age-related losses has been coined "the stability paradox of well-being in aging" (Kunzmann, Little, & Smith, 2000;Mather, 2012). From our perspective, however, the empirical evidence for the paradox has three important limitations. First, evidence mostly concerns age-related changes in the cognitive component of subjective well-being (e.g., life satisfaction; Diener, Suh, Lucas, & Smith, 1999;Gana, Bailly, Saada, Joulain, & Alaphilippe, 2013), whereas results regarding age-related changes in affective components of subjective wellbeing are less clear (Schilling, 2006). Second, the well-being paradox may hold only until early old age and less is known about life periods for which major loss experiences are frequent such as old-old and oldest-old age (Baltes & Smith, 2003). Third, a major challenge for research examining age-related changes in well-being pertains to the fact that ...

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supporting

confidence: 93%

Trajectories of depressive symptoms in old age: Integrating age-, pathology-, and mortality-related changes.

Chui¹,

Gerstorf

Hoppmann³

et al. 2015

Psychology and Aging

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“…A community sample of 1,324 adults between the ages of 24 and 82 from the San Francisco Bay Area of California were interviewed between 1994 and 1996, as part of a study to examine gender differences in depression, and 1,134 of these individuals (607 female, 527 male) between the ages of 25 and 82 (M = 47.8, SD = 15.1) were interviewed one year later (see Nolen-Hoeksema, Larson, &Grayson, 1999, andNolen-Hoeksema, 2000, for details on the original sample and on differences between those who did and did not participate in the interview one year later). Individuals were recruited through random-digit dialing.…”

Section: Participantsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Brooding and reflection: Rumination predicts suicidal ideation at 1-year follow-up in a community sample

Miranda

Nolen–Hoeksema

2007

Behaviour Research and Therapy

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295

185

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The cognitive processes underlying suicidal thinking and behavior are not well-understood. The present study examined brooding and reflection, two dimensions of rumination, as predictors of suicidal ideation among a community sample of 1,134 adults. Participants completed self-report measures of rumination and depression, and a semi-structured clinical interview that included an assessment of suicidal ideation, at baseline and one-year follow up. Brooding was more strongly related to degree of ideation at baseline than was reflection. However, both brooding and reflection predicted whether an individual thought about suicide at one-year follow up, even after adjusting for baseline suicidal ideation. Symptoms of depression mediated the relationship between brooding and ideation but not between reflection and ideation. Implications for the nature of thought processes that result in suicidal thinking are discussed.

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“…Several researchers theorize that feelings of uncontrollability over life experiences are more common in girls and thus foster higher rates of anxiety in response to life events. 29,46 Alternatively, it is possible that the negative impact of life events is similar in magnitude for both males and females but is differently manifested. Specifically, although females may manifest higher rates of internalizing symptoms, as found in the present study, males may evidence higher rates of externalizing symptoms.…”

Section: Nih-pa Author Manuscriptmentioning

confidence: 99%

Childhood Predictors of Anxiety Symptoms: A Longitudinal Study

Grover

Ginsburg

Ialongo

2005

Child Psychiatry Hum Dev

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The present study examined the concurrent and prospective relation between a select number of potential predictors and symptoms of anxiety among a high-risk community sample of 149 predominately African American children. Parent and child reports of anxiety were assessed in the first and seventh grade. Six domains of childhood risk factors (i.e., Loss-Death, Loss-Separation, Social Adversity, Negative Family Environment, Academic Difficulties, and Peer Rejection) were assessed using multiple informants in the first grade. Results indicated that children who experienced a more negative family environment, had a greater number of losses and deaths, and experienced academic failures in the first grade exhibited higher levels of anxiety (concurrently and/or at the six year follow-up). Findings provide empirical support to etiological models that posit both parental/familial and environmental factors contribute to the development of heightened anxiety in children. Keywords risk factors; child anxiety; African AmericanAnxiety disorders are among the most common childhood psychiatric disorders, with prevalence rates ranging between 3% and 15%. 1 Children with anxiety disorders experience significant impairment in their academic, familial, and social functioning. For instance, many anxious children have difficulty attending and performing in school, struggle with making and maintaining friendships, have high levels of family conflict, and experience significant personal distress (e.g., see . In light of the high prevalence of anxiety disorders and the short-and long-term impairment they confer, attempts to identify early risk factors or predictors of anxiety are needed. Identifying predictors of psychopathology is critical for informing etiological models, facilitating early identification, and developing preventive interventions. 5 The focus of the present study was to address this issue by examining a broad range of theorized predictors of anxiety over a seven-year period, capitalizing on an existing community-based longitudinal data set from the Baltimore Prevention Research Center at Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health.Developmental models of anxiety disorders in children served as a guide for identifying potential predictors. These models generally stress the reciprocal relation between a number of child (e.g., behavioral inhibition and avoidance, distorted thinking), parental/familial (e.g., psychopathology, family environment, parenting behaviors), and environmental NIH Public Access Author ManuscriptChild Psychiatry Hum Dev. Author manuscript; available in PMC 2012 June 13. factors (e.g., poverty, traumatic experiences). [6][7][8][9] Utilizing primarily concurrent designs, studies attempting to empirically validate theorized risk factors have identified several familial and environmental correlates of anxiety (e.g., see Refs. 10 and 11). Although concurrent studies have been informative, longitudinal studies provide information concerning trajectories of development, suggest direc...

show abstract

Explaining the gender difference in depressive symptoms.

Cited by 1,282 publications

References 56 publications

Trajectories of depressive symptoms in old age: Integrating age-, pathology-, and mortality-related changes.

Trajectories of depressive symptoms in old age: Integrating age-, pathology-, and mortality-related changes.

Brooding and reflection: Rumination predicts suicidal ideation at 1-year follow-up in a community sample

Childhood Predictors of Anxiety Symptoms: A Longitudinal Study

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