Explicit but not implicit sexist beliefs predict benevolent and hostile sexist behavior

Abstract

Much work has been carried out on sexist attitudes, but only little on sexist behaviors. The goal of the present research was to close this gap by testing how a variety of benevolent and hostile sexist behaviors correlate with implicit and explicit sexist attitudes. In Study 1 (N = 126), we developed implicit association tests for benevolent sexism and hostile sexism and illustrated that implicit and explicit benevolent sexist beliefs, as well as implicit and explicit hostile sexist beliefs, were positively correlated. In Study 2 (N = 83 of Study 1), we tested whether implicit and explicit benevolent and hostile sexist attitudes correlate with benevolent and hostile sexist behaviors. As expected, explicit benevolent (but not hostile) sexist attitudes predicted benevolent sexist behavior, whereas explicit hostile (but not benevolent) sexist attitudes predicted hostile sexist behavior. Implicit sexist attitudes did not predict sexist behavior. The implications of these findings are discussed.

The Emerging Science of People-Watching: Forming Impressions From Third-Party Encounters

“…Social-psychological studies have further shown that TPEs are habitually analyzed according to their demographic composition (e.g., whether those involved in an encounter differ in terms of their race; Pryor, Reeder, & Monroe, 2012) and their momentary level of formality, intimacy, rapport, and subordination/domination (e.g., Burgoon, Buller, Hale, & de Turck, 1984; Mason, Magee, & Fiske, 2014). Additional impressions of importance seem to concern whether TPEs entail positive or negative interpersonal behavior (e.g., kissing vs. pushing someone; Vrticˇka, Sander, & Vuilleumier, 2012), primarily serve a bonding or an instrumental function (e.g., hugging vs. carrying a heavy box; Canessa et al, 2012; Quadflieg, Ul-Haq, & Mavridis, 2016), and/or follow prevalent norms of social conduct (e.g., whether a man or a woman proposes marriage; de Oliveira Laux et al, 2015). Finally, TPEs frequently trigger far-reaching speculations about people’s type of acquaintance and interpersonal obligations (e.g., whether two people are strangers, friends, or family; Costanzo & Archer, 1989).…”

“…pushing someone;Vrtička, Sander, & Vuilleumier, 2012), primarily serve a bonding or an instrumental function (e.g., hugging vs. carrying a heavy box;Canessa et al, 2012;Quadflieg, Ul-Haq, & Mavridis, 2016), and/or follow prevalent norms of social conduct (e.g., whether a man or a woman proposes marriage; de Oliveira Laux,Ksenofontov, & Becker, 2015). Finally, TPEs frequently trigger far-reaching speculations about people's type of acquaintance and interpersonal obligations (e.g., whether two people are strangers, friends, or family;Costanzo & Archer, 1989).…”

“…Copyright 2011 Elsevier, reprinted with permission), (b) paintings (Source: Villani et al, 2015. Public Domain Painting titled The Wrestlers by Gustave Courbet, 1853), and (c) drawings (Source: de Oliveira Laux, Ksenofontov, & Becker, 2015. Copyright 2015 John Wiley & Sons Ltd, reprinted with permission) to dynamic (d) point light displays (Source: Manera, von der Lühe, Schilbach, Verfaillie, & Becchio, 2016.…”

Sexism and Attitudes Toward Same-Sex Parenting in a Sample of Heterosexuals and Sexual Minorities: the Mediation Effect of Sexual Stigma

“…For example, women who expected benevolent sexism in the workplace had worse performance and results (Dardenne, Dumont, & Bollier 2007); moreover, those who supported benevolent sexism were more likely to accept a sexist male partner who was apparently protective despite a potential negative impact on their career aspirations (Hammond & Overall 2013;Moya, Glick, Expósito, de Lemus, & Hart 2007). The validation studies of the ASI (Glick & Fiske 1996;Glick et al 2000) have demonstrated that men reported higher levels of hostile sexism than women do; in particular, they showed negative attitudes toward career women and positive attitudes toward housewives because career women deviated from the notion of the ideal of wife and mother (Oliveira Laux, Ksenofontov, & Becker 2015;Rudman 2005). It also emerged that benevolent sexism is more common than hostile sexism, and even if women reject hostile sexism, they tend to accept its benevolent form in line with the system-justification theory (Jost, Burgess, & Mosso 2001;Pacilli, Taurino, Jost, & Van Der Toorn 2011).…”

Making Sense of Other People’s Encounters: Towards an Integrative Model of Relational Impression Formation

“…It highlights specifically that numerous perceiver attributes seem to affect both individual-and encounter-based impressions, including perceivers' age and mental health (see above), but also perceivers' gender, personality, social attitudes, and emotional state (cf. Bernieri and Gillis 1995;Costanzo and Archer 1989;Derlega et al 1989;de Oliveira Laux et al 2015;Forgas 1993Forgas , 1995Hansen and Hansen 1988;Kammrath and Scholer 2011;Katsumi et al 2017). In consequence, the model calls on contemporary researchers to establish which perceiver attributes (if any) affect encounter-based impressions more strongly than individual-based impressions or interact with content or target attributes of encounter-based impressions in a unique manner.…”