Exploiting the power of UPLC in separation and simultaneous determination of pholcodine, guaiacol along with three specified guaiacol impurities

Abstract

Pholcodine and guaiacol are widely used together in pharmaceutical syrups for cough treatment. On the other hand, the Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatographic technique is characterized by having the power of increasing chromatographic efficiency and decreasing run time compared to the traditional High Performance Liquid Chromatographic one. In this work, this power was exploited for the simultaneous determination of pholcodine, guaiacol along with three guaiacol impurities, namely; guaiacol impurity A, guaiacol impurity B, and guaiacol impurity E. Good separation was achieved by employing Agilent Zorbax C8 column (50 × 2.1 mm) as the stationary phase, and acetonitrile: phosphate buffer pH 3.5 (40: 60, by volume) as a mobile phase. The proposed method was validated as per International Council for Harmonisation guidelines. Linear relationships, at ranges of 50–1000 µg mL−1 for pholcodine and 5–100 µg mL−1 for guaiacol and the three related impurities, were established. Finally, the proposed method was applied for pholcodine and guaiacol determination in Coughpent® syrup and compared favorably to the reported one.

Classical versus chemometrics tools for spectrophotometric determination of fluocinolone acetonide, ciprofloxacin HCl and ciprofloxacin impurity-A in their ternary mixture

“…The overall score ranging from 0.00 (not green) to 1.00 (greenest) is presented in the middle of that chart. This score is calculated based on 12 Green Analytical Chemistry (GAC) principles [ 49 – 51 ]. To prove the superiority of our method compared to the two published spectrophotometric approaches [ 28 , 30 ] for the simultaneous CIP and FLU assay, the linearity ranges, types of analyzed samples, solvents used, and AGREE scores were compared, Table 4 .…”

Voltammetric analysis of pholcodine on graphene-modified GNPs/PTs with green assessment

“…Pholcodine (PHL) has attracted significant interest. Numerous studies have employed various analytical techniques to quantify PHL, including UV/Vis spectrophotometry [ 14 ], spectrofluorimetry [ 15 , 16 ], high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) [ 17 – 20 ] in presence of guaiacol [ 21 , 22 ]. Other methods include gas chromatography (GC) [ 23 ], thin-layer chromatography [ 24 ], liquid chromatography electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (LC–ESI–MS) for impurity detection [ 25 ], chemiluminescence [ 26 ], and potentiometric analysis [ 5 , 27 ] for accurate quantitative analysis of PHL.…”