Exploration and Inventory of Native Orchid Germplasm in West Borneo, Indonesia

Abstract

<jats:p>Borneo (Kalimantan) is the third largest island in the world. It is rich with various indigenous orchid species that grow epiphytically, terrestrially, or saprophytically in the forests. Its rain forests are also home to some rare species such as some <jats:italic>Aërides</jats:italic> sp., <jats:italic>Bulbophyllum</jats:italic> sp., <jats:italic>Cymbidium</jats:italic> sp., <jats:italic>Dendrobium</jats:italic> sp., <jats:italic>Dimorphorchis</jats:italic> sp., <jats:italic>Grammatophyllum</jats:italic> sp., <jats:italic>Paphiopedilum</jats:italic> sp., <jats:italic>Phalaenopsis</jats:italic> sp., <jats:italic>Paraphalaenopsis</jats:italic> sp., and <jats:italic>Vanda</jats:italic> sp., all of which have a very high economic value. These species are endangered and some of them may have not yet been found or discovered, because of the loss of habitat resulting from fire, forest damage, illegal logging, and orchid hunting either by domestic or foreign collectors. Until recently, there are only a few records on the orchid native to West Borneo. For this reason, a research was conducted to identify and create an inventory of all orchid species that exist in West Borneo before they become extinct along with their habitat and to conserve them ex situ. This research was conducted in 10 counties and one municipal city in West Borneo, and inventory was done through exploration. Orchids found were recorded and identified into their genera and their species by visual examination of vegetative and floral characteristics, respectively. A total of 197 species of orchids from 66 genera were identified, and among those, 27 species live as terrestrials, 169 species live as epiphytes, and one species lives as both an epiphyte and terrestrial.</jats:p>

Keanekaragaman Dan Kelimpahan Anggrek Epifit Di Kaki Gunung Liangpran, Kalimantan Timur

“…Keanekaragaman jenis anggrek epifit yang diperoleh lebih sedikit dibandingkan dengan yang telah dilaporkan di lokasi lainnya. Keanekaragaman jenis anggrek epifit yang telah dilaporkan sebanyak 169 jenis (Siregar, 2008), 30 jenis (Ariyanti dan Pa'i, 2008), 37 jenis (Sujalu, 2008). Jumlah yang hampir sama dilaporkan oleh O'Malley (2009) sebanyak 16 jenis dan 19 jenis (Rikardus et al, 2017), sedangkan Amalia et al (2015), melaporkan dengan jumlah jenis yang lebih sedikit yaitu tujuh jenis anggrek epifit.…”

“…Marga Appendicula tersebar dari kawasan Asia tropis hingga Kepulauan Pasifik dan keanekaragaman jenis ini di Borneo meliputi 36-41 jenis, tetapi jenis-jenis yang telah dilaporkan untuk wilayah Indonesia (Kalimantan) baru berkisar 19-21 jenis (Comber, 1990;Wood dan Cribb, 1994;Govaerts et al, 2019;EoL, 2019). Marga Bulbophyllum hanya ditemukan satu jenis (B. obtusipetalum), meskipun marga ini memiliki keanekaragaman jenis terbesar kedua di Borneo berkisar 313 jenis (Vermeulen, 1991;Wood dan Cribb, 1994;Beaman et al, 2001;Siregar, 2008;Govaerts et al, 2019). Keanekaragaman Bulbophyllum untuk Kalimantan telah dilaporkan dari beberapa penelitian, antara lain 27 jenis di Kalimantan Barat (Siregar, 2008) dan 15 jenis di Kalimantan Tengah (Yulia, 2007).…”

“…Marga Bulbophyllum hanya ditemukan satu jenis (B. obtusipetalum), meskipun marga ini memiliki keanekaragaman jenis terbesar kedua di Borneo berkisar 313 jenis (Vermeulen, 1991;Wood dan Cribb, 1994;Beaman et al, 2001;Siregar, 2008;Govaerts et al, 2019). Keanekaragaman Bulbophyllum untuk Kalimantan telah dilaporkan dari beberapa penelitian, antara lain 27 jenis di Kalimantan Barat (Siregar, 2008) dan 15 jenis di Kalimantan Tengah (Yulia, 2007). Keanekaragaman jenis Bulbophyllum pada umunya akan meningkat seiring dengan bertambahnya ketinggian habitat (Vermeulen, 1991).…”

“…Marga (Ariyanti dan Pa'i, 2008;Siregar, 2008;Amalia et al, 2015;Rikardus et al, 2017) tidak melaporkan adanya temuan D. hosei dan penelitian yang dilakukan oleh Yulia (2007) (Beaman et al, 2001), namun daerah persebaran alaminya di Kalimantan (Indonesia) belum banyak dilaporkan dan dari 37 jenis di Borneo, baru 3 sampai 4 jenis yang berada di wilayah Kalimantan (Yulia, 2007;Siregar, 2008 (Comber, 1990;Wood dan Cribb, 1994;Govaerts et al, 2019). Informasi tentang persebaran jenis endemik belum dilaporkan secara detail terutama jenis endemik yang berada dalam wilayah Indonesia.…”

Orchid diversity in a logging concession in Tabalong District, South Kalimantan, Indonesia

“…Increased exploitation of the forests, especially in West Borneo, including gold mining, forest fires, and illegal burning, has led to the extinction of hundreds of orchid species. Economic factors, including illegal collecting and selling of wild orchids by collectors (orchid lovers), along with increasing consumer demand for orchids, also contribute to the endangerment of Borneo's native orchids (Siregar 2008).…”