Exploration of Biomass-Derived Activated Carbons for Use in Vanadium Redox Flow Batteries

Abstract

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Understanding Plant Biomass via Computational Modeling

“…[ 9 ] Nanomaterials have been approved to have all kind of critical applications; however, controlling nanoscale features and sustainability are still unresolved key problems in the development of nanostructured hierarchical materials. [ 9 ] Carbon materials, which could be conductive (such as carbon based electrodes), [ 10,11 ] high adsorption capacity (such as active carbon), super strong (such as carbon fiber), and stable in harsh conditions, are also synthesized from renewable resources. [ 12 ] High‐performance structural beams have also been prepared from natural wood by directly removing lignin and hemicellulose followed by hot pressing; the high performance of the beams was generally a result of the high modulus and strength of crystalline cellulose.…”

Sustainable electrodes for the next generation of redox flow batteries

“…Depending on additives in the process, the morphology can be influenced to result into 2D structures (rGO [60] or 2D nano sheets [57]) or highly porous carbon structures as a result from alkali inducing surface etching, resulting in outstanding high surface areas (reported up to 1857 [53], 1901 [54], or 2085 m 2 g −1 [55]). Self-doping in case of chitin-based biomass (shrimp [52], fish scales [57]) can be observed, or induced by additives to the carbonization leading to doping with nitrogen [35,58] or oxygen [55] or iron [59]. (b) The AC can be used to decorate the fiber surface, enhancing the electrocatalytic properties, determined by CV or EIS.…”

Exploration of reduced graphene oxide microparticles as electrocatalytic materials in vanadium redox flow batteries

“…[60] However, the deliberate use of highly porous felts enables microparticle deposition without clogging of the porous structure, based on the difference between the estimated felt pore sizes (~ 60 μm) as compared to the typical rGO agglomerate size (~ 5 -15 μm). [34] Figure 6. Evaluation of rGO-coated pristine carbon felts in a full-cell VRFB configuration with a starting solution of 1.5 M V in 2.6 M H2SO4 charged to 50% SOC.…”

“…[5][6] The current state-of-the-art system is the vanadium redox flow battery (VRFB) which utilizes four stable and soluble oxidation states of vanadium dissolved in an aqueous acidic electrolyte, specifically V(II)/V(III) and V(IV)/V(V) as the negative and positive redox couples, respectively. [7][8][9][10][11] The use of the same parent compound greatly simplifies system maintenance, as capacity lost due to species crossover through semi-permeable membranes can be recovered through periodic electrolyte rebalancing events. However, while contemporary VRFBs have experienced modest commercial success, [12] broad adoption has been hindered by prohibitive costs, [11,13] prompting research efforts focused on novel electrolyte formulations [14] and advanced reactor designs.…”