“…As can be seen from Figure a and b, both LS and LS/ZnC 2 O 4 show stretching vibrations of Ar–OH (1516 and 1464 cm –1 ), −SO 3 – (1134 cm –1 ), C–O (1038 cm –1 ), and C–S (617 cm –1 ) at 30 °C, , but the intensity of Ar–OH in the spectra of LS/ZnC 2 O 4 is much weaker owing to the coordination of zinc ions. Also, three strong stretching vibrations of the OC–O groups at 1377, 1315, and 816 cm –1 from ZnC 2 O 4 can be observed in the spectra of LS/ZnC 2 O 4 . , As the temperature rises, the stretching vibration of the Ar–OH groups gradually disappears, and a new peak is visible at 1703 cm –1 in the spectra of LS/ZnC 2 O 4 , which corresponds to the CO stretching vibrations, indicating that ZnC 2 O 4 favors the dehydrogenation of Ar–OH. As the temperature rises to 450 °C, LS/ZnC 2 O 4 shows comparatively weak signals of −SO 3 – , C–O, and C–S, demonstrating that ZnC 2 O 4 also promotes cleavage of the sulfonate and alcoholic hydroxyl groups.…”