Exploration of variables in the fabrication of pyrolysed photoresist

Fairman, Callie; Yu, Samuel; Liu, Guozhen; Downard, Alison J.; Hibbert, David Brynn; Gooding, J. Justin

doi:10.1007/s10008-008-0577-4

Cited by 23 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…38,39 Importantly, these EIS results reveal a significant difference of 2 orders of magnitude in electron transfer rates at annealed a-C and as deposited a-C surfaces. In order to understand whether trends in electron transfer and in aryldiazonium interfacial adsorption can be explained by differences in electronic structure between these two carbon substrates, we analyzed the observed results under the framework of Marcus and Marcus−Gerischer theories of electron transfer as in the following section.…”

Section: Properties Of Annealed Amorphous Carbonmentioning

confidence: 92%

Heterogeneous Charge Transfer at the Amorphous Carbon/Solution Interface: Effect on the Spontaneous Attachment of Aryldiazonium Salts

et al. 2013

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The chemisorption of aryldiazonium salts is one of the most versatile reactions for the modification of carbon surfaces; in this work we investigated the spontaneous chemisorption of aryldiazonium salts at amorphous carbons of differing graphitic content in order to relate surface reactivity to the valence electronic properties of aryldiazonium cations and carbon surfaces. Two structural isomers that differ by their redox potential were chosen for our studies: 4-nitronaphthalenediazonium tetrafluoroborate (4NND) and 5-nitronaphthalenediazonium tetrafluoroborate (5NND). The adsorption of 4NND and 5NND was studied in situ via attenuated total internal reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR) and ex situ via electrochemistry on two types of graphitic amorphous carbons (a-C), containing 80% and 100% trigonally bonded carbon centers. These two forms of carbon were characterized via electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), and the more graphitic surface was found to display a heterogeneous charge transfer rate constant 2 orders of magnitude larger than the less graphitic surface. This was consistent with ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy (UPS) results showing that the density of occupied states near the Fermi level is higher for the more graphitic substrate. In situ and ex situ studies of adsorption rates show that, on the less graphitic a-C surface, differences in adsorption rate could be explained based on the reduction potentials of the two aryldiazonium cations. However, on the more graphitic surface, we observed no difference in adsorption rates or yields between the two isomers, thus suggesting that spontaneous electron transfer is not rate determining at these surfaces. Gerischer−Marcus theory was used in order to explain the differences in charge transfer rates between the two carbons and to interpret observed differences in aryldiazonium adsorption rates at these substrates. Finally, our results are discussed in light of the current proposed mechanism of aryldiazonium chemisorption.

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Section: Properties Of Annealed Amorphous Carbonmentioning

confidence: 92%

Heterogeneous Charge Transfer at the Amorphous Carbon/Solution Interface: Effect on the Spontaneous Attachment of Aryldiazonium Salts

et al. 2013

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“…The PPF samples were then left to cool down to room temperature slowly whilst still under forming gas. The PPF samples were removed and placed under vacuum until used [4].…”

Section: B Production Of Thin Carbon Filmsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Finally it can potentially be patterned to form glassy carbon electrodes. It is easy to produce and behaves electrochemically in much the same way to that of glassy carbon in regards to its behaviour towards redox active molecules in solution [3,4,5].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Comparing the electrochemical performance of pyrolysed photoresist film electrodes to glassy carbon electrodes for sensing applications

Fairman

Liu

Hibbert

et al. 2010

2010 International Conference on Nanoscience and Nanotechnology

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This paper investigates the comparison of glassy carbon to that of thin carbon films as electrode substrates. It is observed that the modification of the carbon surfaces, via the electrochemical reduction of aryl diazonium salts to the surface, occurs on both substrates in a similar fashion. Subsequent modification of the substrates with the peptide Gly-Gly-His attached to the bound layer, shows that both surfaces can be used in the detection of copper (II) in water solutions and at pH 7.

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“…36−38 The carbon surfaces to be used are pyrolyzed photoresist films (PPF) first described by Kinoshita and co-workers, 39,40 which were shown to be close to atomically flat, 41 can be modified using aryl diazonium salts, 42 and for which we have optimized the fabrication protocol. 43 We show that the iodine plasma can roughen the surface, but smooth surfaces can still be achieved and further modification can be achieved with both alkenes and alkynes upon exposure to visible light. The surface constructs explored to demonstrate the scope of the new carbon electrode modification scheme are shown in Scheme 1.…”

Section: ■ Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Light-Induced Organic Monolayer Modification of Iodinated Carbon Electrodes

et al. 2013

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We report the modification of carbon electrodes formed from pyrolyzed photoresist films (PPF) via plasma iodination followed by the organic monolayer modification of these surfaces. The iodinated surfaces were characterized using cyclic voltammetry, atomic force microscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy to enable the optimization of the iodination while preserving the stability and smoothness of the carbon surface. Subsequently, the C-I surface was further modified with molecules that possess an alkene or alkyne at one end through light activation with low energy (visible range λ 514 nm). The versatility of the modification reaction of the C-I surfaces is shown by reactions with undecylenic acid, 1,8-nonadiyne, and S-undec-10-enyl-2,2,2-trifluoroethanethioate (C11-S-TFA). Modification with 1,8-nonadiyne allows further modification via "click" chemistry with azido-terminated oligo(ethylene oxide) molecules demonstrated briefly to alter the hydrophilicity of the surface after attachment of ethylene oxide moieties. Furthermore, patterning of C11-S-TFA was demonstrated using a simple photolithography technique. Deprotection of the C11-S-TFA gave a free thiol allowed patterning of gold nanoparticles on the surface as verified using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). These results demonstrate that plasma iodination to form C-I is a versatile, simple, and modular approach to functionalize the carbon surface.

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Exploration of variables in the fabrication of pyrolysed photoresist

Cited by 23 publications

References 29 publications

Heterogeneous Charge Transfer at the Amorphous Carbon/Solution Interface: Effect on the Spontaneous Attachment of Aryldiazonium Salts

Heterogeneous Charge Transfer at the Amorphous Carbon/Solution Interface: Effect on the Spontaneous Attachment of Aryldiazonium Salts

Comparing the electrochemical performance of pyrolysed photoresist film electrodes to glassy carbon electrodes for sensing applications

Light-Induced Organic Monolayer Modification of Iodinated Carbon Electrodes

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