“…Although this is not a phenomenon experienced across all home-owning nations (Toussaint & Elsinga, 2009 (Wood, Parkinson, Searle, & Smith, 2013), leading to claims that housing wealth is being used routinely as an ATM (Klyuev & Mills, 2007) as well as funding some substantial 'one-off' or 'sustained expenditures' (Parkinson, Searle, Smith, Stokes, & Wood, 2009, p. 385). Equity withdrawal across the life course reduces the asset base available to homeowners to fund their welfare in older age.…”