Exploring isolated lignin material from oil palm biomass waste in green composites

Khalil, H. P. S. Abdul; Marliana, M. M.; Issam, A. M.; Bakare, I. O.

doi:10.1016/j.matdes.2011.01.035

Cited by 41 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…Such penetration can lead to discoloration, deterioration, and loss of nutrients due to photodegradation. Therefore, protection against incident light is required, particularly for products with sensitive light-catalyzed degradation reactions [ 22 ]. As shown in Table 2 , composite films filled with LNPs presented higher opacity than pure macroalgae films.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The precipitate was filtered using Whatman #42 in a Bushnell funnel and washed with hot distilled water until pH ∼7. The slurry of lignin cake (unpurified) in the filter paper was then oven-dried at 60 °C for 24 h. The isolated, dried lignin was purified with chemical reactions process adapted from Abdul Khalil et al [ 22 ]. The sample was stirred in (C 2 H 5 ) 2 O to remove fats and fatty acids, followed by C 6 H 12 /C 2 H 5 OH (1:1, v / v ) extraction in the soxhlet apparatus to remove waxes lipids, and tannins.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Properties and Characterization of Lignin Nanoparticles Functionalized in Macroalgae Biopolymer Films

et al. 2021

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The demand for bioplastic material for industrial applications is increasing. However, moisture absorption and low mechanical strength have limited the use of bioplastic in commercial-scale applications. Macroalgae is no exception to these challenges of bioplastics. In this study, Kappaphycus alvarezii macroalgae were reinforced with lignin nanoparticles. Lignin nanoparticles (LNPs) were used as a filler to reduce the brittleness and hydrophilic nature of macroalgae (matrix). Lignin nanofiller was produced using a green approach from black liquor of soda pulping waste and purified. The physical, mechanical, morphological, structural, thermal, and water barrier properties of LNPs with and without the purification process in macroalgae films were studied. The bioplastic films' functional properties, such as physical, mechanical, thermal, and water barrier properties, were significantly improved by incorporating purified and unpurified LNPs. However, the purified LNPs have a greater reinforcement effect on the macroalgae than unpurified LNPs. In this study, bioplastic film with 5% purified LNPs presented the optimum enhancement on almost all the functional properties. The enhancement is attributed to high compatibility due to strong interfacial interaction between the nanofiller and matrix. The developed LNPs/macroalgae bioplastic films can provide additional benefits and solutions to various industrial applications, especially packaging material.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Properties and Characterization of Lignin Nanoparticles Functionalized in Macroalgae Biopolymer Films

et al. 2021

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“…The lignin was then purified with the process of chemical extractions. The lignin powder was stirred in (C 2 H 5 ) 2 O to remove fats and fatty acids, followed by C 6 H 12 /C 2 H 5 OH (1:1, v / v ) extraction in the soxhlet apparatus to remove lipids, tannins, and waxes [ 24 ]. The obtained lignin was washed for 30 min with warm distilled water (70 °C), dried at reduced pressure overnight at 85 °C, and recorded as purified lignin.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Enhanced Functional Properties of Bioplastic Films Using Lignin Nanoparticles from Oil Palm-Processing Residue

et al. 2022

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The development of bioplastic materials that are biobased and/or degradable is commonly presented as an alleviating alternative, offering sustainable and eco-friendly properties over conventional petroleum-derived plastics. However, the hydrophobicity, water barrier, and antimicrobial properties of bioplastics have hindered their utilization in packaging applications. In this study, lignin nanoparticles (LNPs) with a purification process were used in different loadings as enhancements in a Kappaphycus alvarezii matrix to reduce the hydrophilic nature and improve antibacterial properties of the matrix and compared with unpurified LNPs. The influence of the incorporation of LNPs on functional properties of bioplastic films, such as morphology, surface roughness, structure, hydrophobicity, water barrier, antimicrobial, and biodegradability, was studied and found to be remarkably enhanced. Bioplastic film containing 5% purified LNPs showed the optimum enhancement in almost all of the ultimate performances. The enhancement is related to strong interfacial interaction between the LNPs and matrix, resulting in high compatibility of films. Bioplastic films could have additional advantages and provide breakthroughs in packaging materials for a wide range of applications.

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“…According to the Malaysian Palm Oil Board (MPOB), 400 hectares were cultivated in 1920, leading to five million plantations today in Malaysia [ 31 ]. Enormous amounts of lignocellulose residues from the oil palm industry, such as oil palm trunks (OPTs), oil palm fronds (OPFs), and oil palm empty fruit bunches (OPEFBs), are generated at an estimated 15 million tons annually, becoming a major economic pillar for the country [ 32 ]. This biomass is readily available at a minimal cost.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Role of Dissolution Time on the Properties of All-Cellulose Composites Obtained from Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunch

et al. 2023

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All-cellulose composite (ACC) films from oil palm empty fruit bunches (OPEFBs) were successfully fabricated through the surface selective dissolution of cellulose fibers in 8 wt% LiCl/DMAc via the solution casting method. The effect of dissolution time on the properties of the ACC films was assessed in the range of 5–45 min. The results showed that under the best conditions, there were sufficiently dissolved fiber surfaces that improved the interfacial adhesion while maintaining a sizable fraction of the fiber cores, acting as reinforcements for the material. The ACC films have the highest tensile strength and modulus of elasticity of up to 35.78 MPa and 2.63 GPa after 15 min of dissolution. Meanwhile, an X-ray diffraction analysis proved that cellulose I and II coexisted, which suggests that the crystallite size and degree of crystallinity of the ACC films had significantly declined. This is due to a change in the cellulose structure, which results in fewer voids and enhanced stress distribution in the matrix. Scanning electron microscopy revealed that the interfacial adhesion improved between the reinforcing fibers and matrices as the failure behavior of the film composite changed from fiber pullout to fiber breakage and matrix cracking. On the other hand, the thermal stability of the ACC film showed a declining trend as the dissolution time increased. Therefore, the best dissolution time to formulate the ACC film was 15 min, and the obtained ACC film is a promising material to replace synthetic polymers as a green composite.

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Exploring isolated lignin material from oil palm biomass waste in green composites

Cited by 41 publications

References 20 publications

Properties and Characterization of Lignin Nanoparticles Functionalized in Macroalgae Biopolymer Films

Properties and Characterization of Lignin Nanoparticles Functionalized in Macroalgae Biopolymer Films

Enhanced Functional Properties of Bioplastic Films Using Lignin Nanoparticles from Oil Palm-Processing Residue

The Role of Dissolution Time on the Properties of All-Cellulose Composites Obtained from Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunch

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