Exploring Options for Lowland Rice Intensification under Rain-fed and Irrigated Ecologies in East and Southern Africa

Nhamo, Nhamo; Kyalo, Gerald; Dinheiro, Virgilio

doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-802139-2.00005-6

Cited by 8 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 93 publications

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“…A mechanistic relationship between grain yield and GHGs emissions exists that, through modified SCMS practices, can produce a 39% greater yield in wheat plants while reducing the intensity of GHGs emissions by 21% compared to conventional farming systems [17]. Adding organic fertilizers combined with suitable managing strategies, like incorporating plant residues or applying zero-tillage or minimum tillage rather than inorganic fertilizers, can improve soil quality, increase C sequestration, and reduce GHGs emissions while increasing grain yield [4,49].…”

Section: Soil and Crop Management Strategies (Scms)mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…• Integrated Soil Fertility Management (ISFM) ISFM was described as a fertility management strategy of the soil, which emphasizes the sensible usage of chemical fertilizers, organic manures, crop residues, and resilient germplasms coupled with an understanding of the skills to employ such practices to local conditions with the objective of increasing the agronomic use efficiency of the applied fertilizers and enhancing crop yield [56,57]. The recent study by Nhamo et al [49] showed that both crop residues and FYM (farm-yard manure) are crucial for enhancing the fertility of rice fields under ISFM. Comparatively greater yield benefit has been found for rice crops under organic manure or symbiotic biological N fixation by legumes than inorganic fertilizers.…”

Section: • Integrated Nutrient Management (Inm)mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Comparatively greater yield benefit has been found for rice crops under organic manure or symbiotic biological N fixation by legumes than inorganic fertilizers. Nhamo et al [49] also suggested a step-by-step innovative novel tactic to enhance crop production via the inclusion of various approaches of ISFM at various growth phases. Similar results of increasing the cereal productivity and farmers' income by opting for ISFM have also been reported in West Africa [57].…”

Section: • Integrated Nutrient Management (Inm)mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Soil and Crop Management Strategies to Ensure Higher Crop Productivity within Sustainable Environments

2019

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The rising population and reduction in the amount of land and some other resources have created tremendous pressure on current agricultural producers to meet the increasing food demands. To cope with this challenge, certain key inputs, such as fertilizers and other chemicals, are overused, which are worsening the surroundings. This intensive agricultural production without adherence to ecological sustainability has led to declining soil health, land degradation, and severe environmental problems. So, future efforts to feed the growing population should aim for greater agricultural production within sustainable environments. In this regard, innovative steps are needed, as business-as-usual policies lack the potential to cope with these challenges. The concept of agricultural sustainability and various soil and crop management strategies (SCMS) that have been designed to optimize crop yield under sustainable environmental conditions are discussed, including nutrient management, site specific nutrient management (SSNM), integrated nutrient management (INM), integrated soil fertility management (ISFM), integrated soil-crop system management (ISSM), ridge-furrow mulching systems (RFMS), sustainable water management (SWM), conservation agriculture (CA), sustainable land management (SLM), vertical/sky farming, and integrated crop management, and breeding strategies as well as other approaches combined with technological and behavioural changes. The present review suggests that a sustainable production system can be developed by combining the multifaceted efforts under SCMS practices with short- and long-term preventive measures. Reducing chemicals’ usage, such as that of fertilizers and pesticides, plus improvements in the crop input use efficiency could minimize greenhouse gases emissions while protecting the environment. Sustainable agriculture holds promise for humankind and the planet Earth, and it can be successful if all developed and developing nations stand together to seek ‘our common future’ to produce more food while generating less environmental pressure.

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Section: Soil and Crop Management Strategies (Scms)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: • Integrated Nutrient Management (Inm)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: • Integrated Nutrient Management (Inm)mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Soil and Crop Management Strategies to Ensure Higher Crop Productivity within Sustainable Environments

2019

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“…Currently, farmers will have to increase amounts of fertilizer they apply to get maximum benefits. Still, as Nhamo et al (2014) has argued, balancing both micro and macro nutrients is necessary for sustainable management of soil fertility.…”

Section: Effect Of Split Application Of N Fertilizer On Yield and Yield Componentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of Improved Nursery Management, Seedling Transplanting Age and Split Nitrogen Fertilizer Application on Growth and Yield of Lowland Rice in Eastern Uganda

Kyalo¹,

Chemining’wa²,

Nhamo³

et al. 2020

JAS

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Rice yields in Uganda are still low due to poor rice production methods on smallholder farms in particular poor nursery and nitrogen fertilizer management practices. The study was set up to investigate the effect of nitrogen (N) fertilizer, nursery management and age of seedlings at transplanting on the yield of four rice cultivars (WITA 9, GSR 007, K 85 and K 5) in eastern Uganda. The nursery experiment was established with five treatments: 1) control (no chemical + transplanting 30-day old seedling), 2) di-ammonium phosphate (DAP) + fungicide + transplanting 14-day old seedlings, 3) DAP + transplanting 14-day old seedlings, 4) DAP + transplanting 30-day seedlings and 5) fungicide + transplanting 30-day old seedlings. Effect of split application of N on yield, was studied with urea (46% N) as the fertilizer source using a split-plot design with control (no fertilizer added) and 23 and 46 kg N ha-1 applied either basally or in two splits. Applying fertilizer in the nursery and transplanting 14-day old seedlings increased yields by 23-30% relative to the control, while using 30-day old seedlings did not result in any yield gain irrespective of the treatment. Splitting N applications increased yields by 0.1-0.3 t ha-1 and increased agronomic efficiency marginally. Applying 23 kg of N in two splits gave the highest return over fertilizer cost (US$ 855/ha). This demonstrates that lowland rice production in Uganda can be increased by a combination of nutrient management in the nursery, transplanting young seedlings and splitting applications of nitrogen fertilizer and represents a simple and economical option for farmers to increase rice yields. This is especially important considering that fertilizer use among smallholder farmers is restricted by high prices and limited availability. Improving N- and nursery management has great prospects for increasing rice yields on all cultivars in smallholder farms at minimal costs.

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“…-Temperature: In Lamongan azolla was frequently imported as it did not grow well due to high temperatures (Nordiah et al, 2012;Nhamo et al, 2014). Azolla grew well in Pasuruan and Blitar, but inoculants had to be imported for each cropping cycle.…”

Section: Context-specific Adaptations To Crsmentioning

confidence: 99%

On complex rice systems

Khumairoh¹

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Uma Khumairoh, 2019. On complex rice systems. With summaries in English, Dutch, and Indonesian, 178 pp.The escalating global rice consumption has put great pressure on rice production systems which have been challenged by increased variability in weather conditions and concerns about environmental impacts. Meanwhile, current innovations in rice production systems confirm that there are no single solutions that comprehensively address those complex challenges. Therefore, integrated solutions are required to improve and stabilize current rice production levels and their environmental sustainability. To this end, this thesis aimed to develop bio-diversified rice-based farming systems by combining diverse plant and animal species as well as traditional and modern rice cultivation methods. This approach is referred to as complex rice systems (CRS), which have the ultimate goal to improve rice yields and their stability along with the whole farm productivity in an ecological way. This led to the selection of azolla, fish, ducks, and border plants for generating ecosystem services of weed and pest suppression as well as nutrient recycling. These were integrated using three selected cultivation methods: (i) the system of rice intensification (SRI), (ii) 'jajar legowo' and (iii) organic rice production. Jajar legowo is planting rice in straight rows at certain intervals, allowing more rice plants to receive sunlight. We hypothesized that a combination of these cultivation methods and finetuning of biodiversity management could lead to high and stable rice yields with additional extra benefits from various secondary products.To test this hypothesis, we conducted on-farm field experiments and perform action research in four districts of East Java, Indonesia, from 2010 to 2016. In 2010, we conducted an experiment with nine treatment combinations along a gradient of complexity to investigate their effects on attainable rice yields. We found that rice yields improved with increasing level of complexity and that the highest yield was obtained under the most complex system comprising all components (i.e. rice, azolla, ducks and border plants). Consistently, high yields under CRSs across four locations and throughout three rice cropping cycles were observed in an experiment performed between 2014 and 2016. CRSs showed both static and dynamic stability, had the highest reliability index, and were therefore outperforming the conventional and organic monoculture systems.The mechanisms underlying the established high and stable rice yields of CRSs were elucidated in a multi-year experiment over five rice cropping cycles conducted from 2013 to 2016. The results demonstrated that increasing the level of complexity resulted in lower levels of weed and pest infestation. Analysis of duck behaviour and their gizzard composition showed that ducks foraged intensively on weeds, insects, snails and azolla. Furthermore, nutrient cycling was accelerated by ducks via feeding and excretion as well as by their movement in the field. Altogether, the...

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Exploring Options for Lowland Rice Intensification under Rain-fed and Irrigated Ecologies in East and Southern Africa

Cited by 8 publications

References 93 publications

Soil and Crop Management Strategies to Ensure Higher Crop Productivity within Sustainable Environments

Soil and Crop Management Strategies to Ensure Higher Crop Productivity within Sustainable Environments

Effects of Improved Nursery Management, Seedling Transplanting Age and Split Nitrogen Fertilizer Application on Growth and Yield of Lowland Rice in Eastern Uganda

On complex rice systems

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