“…Thus, to generate a cartographic product with relative positional accuracy on any beach profile in the shortest possible field activity time, it is essential to determine the appropriate ratio between the distribution of materialized GCP/CKP, positioned by GNSS and identified in the images. GCPs are used to adjust the position of the images, while CKPs are employed to analyze the positional quality of the products generated [21] , [22] , [23] , [24] . Fig.…”
“…Thus, to generate a cartographic product with relative positional accuracy on any beach profile in the shortest possible field activity time, it is essential to determine the appropriate ratio between the distribution of materialized GCP/CKP, positioned by GNSS and identified in the images. GCPs are used to adjust the position of the images, while CKPs are employed to analyze the positional quality of the products generated [21] , [22] , [23] , [24] . Fig.…”
“…Algunos trabajos reportados en la literatura evidencian la importancia de los sistemas de sensores de un rpas, especialmente en la prevención de desastres o en procedimientos de mitigación, preparación, respuesta y recuperación, tal como: evaluación de vulnerabilidades y modelización de riesgos; supervisión de sistemas de barrera, desviación y retención; detección de peligros; suministro de datos de referencia, búsqueda y rescate; evacuación; evaluación rápida de daños e infraestructura crítica; evaluación de daños en profundidad; recuperación de infraestructura; recuperación de vivienda, y seguimiento ambiental (Kucharczyk y Hugenholtz, 2021). Adicionalmente, los autores reportan que cerca del 70 % de las aeronaves utilizadas en estos procedimientos son sistemas multirrotor con autonomía de vuelo cercana a los 30 min y equipadas con cámaras comerciales rgb (Red Green Blue) (Gonçalves et al, 2022).…”
Section: Aplicaciones Militares De Los Rpasunclassified
Los sistemas de aeronaves remotamente tripulados de ala rotatoria en el ámbito militar se han convertido en aeronaves con aplicación táctica en el reconocimiento y la vigilancia de gran utilidad, factor que ha promovido incrementos en la investigación y el desarrollo de estos sistemas desde 2012 hasta la actualidad. Una búsqueda bibliográfica en Scopus permitió identificar 1166 documentos, que fueron tratados mediante el software vosViewer, organizando la información en conceptos básicos y clasificación, sistemas de los rpas y sus aplicaciones militares. El estudio permitió evidenciar que Estados Unidos ha liderado la investigación en el área, que podría estar relacionada con las implicaciones de la tecnología en el desarrollo de múltiples conflictos armados, y que las Fuerzas Aéreas en cada país han sido los principales patrocinadores o investigadores en el desarrollo de esta tecnología.
“…Remotely piloted aircraft systems (RPAS) are a practical and affordable choice for monitoring spatial-temporal variations in an environment that is changing rapidly. Nevertheless, studies characterizing beach geomorphology in relation to potential reflectance in the visible spectrum are scarce [14].…”
The current use of photogrammetric systems with RPAS (remotely piloted aircraft systems) for the acquisition of topographic data in every type of coastal area has the benefit of a low risk for the personnel involved, good precision, increased productivity, and lower costs. However, their accuracy has not yet been researched in areas with steep terrain. In this paper, we study dune areas with slopes between 20 and 30%. The objective of this work is to examine the influence of the inclination of both the flight and the camera and to compare the results with those obtained using constant-height flights. With the data collected during three field campaigns, a total of 18 cases were studied. Among the results obtained, in the case of the horizontal flights, a vertical error of 0.048 m was detected for a 0° inclination of the camera versus an error of 0.086 m for a 10° inclination, thus an increase in the camera inclination decreased the accuracy by 44%. Moreover, the flight inclination did not lead to a significant reduction in the error. Therefore, as a main conclusion, the planning of horizontal flights as well as the non-tilt of the camera are recommended.
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