Exploring the Association between Gut and Urine Microbiota and Prostatic Disease including Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia and Prostate Cancer Using 16S rRNA Sequencing

Abstract

Numerous microorganisms residing in the gastrointestinal and genitourinary tracts affect host health. We investigated stool and voided urine samples collected from patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) or prostate cancer (PC) and a control group to explore the potential relationship between human microbiota and prostatic disease, and aimed to identify correlations and pathogenic taxonomic units. We studied microbial composition using 16S rRNA sequencing to identify operational taxonomic units (OTUs). Extracted genome was amplified and filtered sequences were used to classify OTUs based on their specific taxonomy. No statistically significant differences were observed in stool samples among the groups. However, urine samples indicated different microbiota compositions in different patient populations. The top five microbial genera that showed significant differences between the BPH and control groups were Alcaligenes, Pseudomonas, Lactobacillus, Akkermansia, and Cetobacterium. Faecalibacterium, Staphylococcus, Ruminococcaceae_UCG_002, Neisseria, and Agathobacter were the genera with the largest proportion differences when comparing the PC and control groups. We discovered that the urine microbiota composition of the BPH and PC groups was distinct from that of the control group. Due to the impact of microbiota on prostatic disease, it is necessary to identify specific microbes for further research.

Alteration of Gut Microbes in Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia Model and Finasteride Treatment Model

“…Another study reported that the intake of fermented milk containing L. casei increased the activity of natural killer cells [ 23 ], and Lactobacillus inhibited human prostate cancer cell tumor necrosis factor related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) [ 24 ]. However, another study reported conflicting findings that the abundance of Lactobacillus in the urine was increased in patients with BPH and prostate cancer [ 25 ]. In this study, the induction of BPH using testosterone undecanoate significantly reduced the abundance of Lactobacillus compared with that in the normal control group and consistently decreased the abundances of Bacilli, Lactobacillaceae, and Lactobacillales, to which Lactobacillus belongs.…”

Causal associations between gut microbiota and three prostate diseases: A bidirectional two-sample Mendelian randomization study

“…In the study of An (54), BPH induction altered the abundance of Flavonifractor, and Flavonifractor coule be a potential indicator for the diagnosis of BPH. Although there are limited studies investigating other gut microbiota and prostate or androgen levels, these gut microbiota are mostly found in the correlation of colorectal cancer metabolism, immune function and anti-in ammation (15). Further studies on these gut microbiota are highly needed.…”

“…In Du's study, an experimental autoimmune prostatitis mouse model was developed to investigate whether gut micro ora modulates Th17/Treg Cell differentiation via the short-chain fatty acid propionate, which may represent the pathogenic function of gut microbiota in prostatitis (13). More and more studies show that the gut microbiota of men with and without prostate cancer differs signi cantly (14)(15)(16)(17). Pathways in folate and arginine metabolism were shown to be elevated in PCa patients using gene-based functional analysis of intestinal microbiota.…”

Impact of coexisting type 2 diabetes mellitus on the urinary microbiota of kidney stone patients

“…Patients who were pregnant, menstruating, diagnosed with malignant tumors, autoimmune diseases, urethritis, prostatitis, benign prostatic hyperplasia ( Tsai et al, 2022 ), renal cysts, bladder inflammation, urinary tract abnormalities, had undergone urinary catheterization within the past 4 weeks, or had used antibiotics or probiotic products within the past 4 weeks.…”

“…Data were collected as previously described in Tsai et al (2022) . Specifically, the bacterial DNA isolation, 16 S rRNA sequencing, and bioinformatics ( Liu et al, 2023 ).…”