Exploring the Biosorption of Methylene Blue Dye onto Agricultural Products: A Critical Review

Abstract

Due to their higher specific area and, in most cases, higher adsorption capacity, nanomaterials are noteworthy and attractive adsorbents. Agricultural products that are locally available are the best option for removing methylene blue (MB) dye from aqueous solutions. Because it is self-anionic, FT-IR and SEM investigations of biosorption have confirmed the role of the functional group and its contribution to the formation of pores that bind cationic dye. It is endothermic if the adsorption of MB by an adsorbent is high as the temperature increases; on the other hand, exothermic if it is high as the temperature decreases. A basic medium facilitates adsorption with respect to pH; adsorption is proportional to the initial concentration at a certain level before equilibrium; after equilibrium, adsorption decreases. A pseudo-second-order model applies for certain agricultural products. As per plotted graph for the solid-phase concentration against the liquid-phase concentration, the Langmuir adsorption isotherm model is favored; this model describes a situation in which a number of molecules are adsorbed by an equal number of available surface sites, and there is no interaction between adsorbate molecules once all sites are occupied. In contrast, the Freundlich model depicts non-ideal multi-layer sorption onto heterogeneous surfaces via numerical analysis; with a value of n = 1, the result is a linear isotherm. If the value of n < 1 or n > 1, then it is chemical or physical adsorption, respectively. Based on an EDX analysis, relevant elements are confirmed. BET analysis confirms the surface area. Nanoproducts categorized as agricultural products exhibit the aforementioned tendency. Even though nanoparticles show positive outcomes in terms of higher adsorption, a high specific area for the targeted pollutant is needed in real-world applications. In the relevant sections herein, the behavior of thermodynamic parameters, such as enthalpy, entropy, and Gibbs free energy, are examined. There is some question as to which form of agricultural waste is the most effective adsorption medium. There is no direct answer because every form of agricultural waste has its own distinct chemical and physical characteristics, such as porosity, surface area, and strength.

Biodecolorization of azo dye Acid Blue 92 (AB92) by Ceratophyllum de-mersum L.: process optimization using Taguchi method and toxicity as-sessment

“…The displacement of these peaks in the spectrum of the treatment plant may have been due to the formation of interactions between the Ceratophyllum plant and the molecules of the AB92 dye. Studies have shown that the functional groups of amines, hydroxyl, carbonyl, and carboxyl in plants can play an important role in the interaction between plants and dye molecules (Liu & Wang, 2023;Sah et al, 2022). This could indicate the occurrence of the first phase of detoxification, i.e.…”

Ecofriendly synthesis of selenium nanoparticles using agricultural Citrus fortunella waste and decolourization of crystal violet from aqueous solution

“…[45] Due to these properties, there are biosorption studies on the removal of many pollutants such as dyes and heavy metals from agricultural wastes. [46,47] In addition, various organic and inorganic pollutants are removed by obtaining NPs from agricultural wastes by various methods. [48][49][50] Because the use of agricultural wastes in nanotechnology is increasing day by day due to their low toxic properties, [51] therefore, it is essential to recycle these wastes within the framework of "sustainable development" and "green economy.…”

Removal of Methylene Blue from Aqueous Solutions Using Date Palm By‐Products from Algerian Sahara: Cultivar Variations Effect

“…All of these elements are active ion exchange molecules [4] and known binding sites for dyes whereas the presence of À C=O and À OH functional groups was confirmed through FT-IR analysis, and surface examinations using SEM verified their involvement in binding positive cationic dyes like MB, which can be utilized in both conventional and nanoproduct configurations. [18] The physical activation of the raw materials can cause a loss of these functional groups during thermal activation, which could be the possible reason for the reduction in adsorption capacity. [5] In the global, there are more than 5000 distinct date palm cultivars, exhibiting variations in nutritional, morphological and genetic characteristics, however, the number of commercial cultivars remains restricted.…”