Due to their higher specific area and, in most cases, higher adsorption capacity, nanomaterials are noteworthy and attractive adsorbents. Agricultural products that are locally available are the best option for removing methylene blue (MB) dye from aqueous solutions. Because it is self-anionic, FT-IR and SEM investigations of biosorption have confirmed the role of the functional group and its contribution to the formation of pores that bind cationic dye. It is endothermic if the adsorption of MB by an adsorbent is high as the temperature increases; on the other hand, exothermic if it is high as the temperature decreases. A basic medium facilitates adsorption with respect to pH; adsorption is proportional to the initial concentration at a certain level before equilibrium; after equilibrium, adsorption decreases. A pseudo-second-order model applies for certain agricultural products. As per plotted graph for the solid-phase concentration against the liquid-phase concentration, the Langmuir adsorption isotherm model is favored; this model describes a situation in which a number of molecules are adsorbed by an equal number of available surface sites, and there is no interaction between adsorbate molecules once all sites are occupied. In contrast, the Freundlich model depicts non-ideal multi-layer sorption onto heterogeneous surfaces via numerical analysis; with a value of n = 1, the result is a linear isotherm. If the value of n < 1 or n > 1, then it is chemical or physical adsorption, respectively. Based on an EDX analysis, relevant elements are confirmed. BET analysis confirms the surface area. Nanoproducts categorized as agricultural products exhibit the aforementioned tendency. Even though nanoparticles show positive outcomes in terms of higher adsorption, a high specific area for the targeted pollutant is needed in real-world applications. In the relevant sections herein, the behavior of thermodynamic parameters, such as enthalpy, entropy, and Gibbs free energy, are examined. There is some question as to which form of agricultural waste is the most effective adsorption medium. There is no direct answer because every form of agricultural waste has its own distinct chemical and physical characteristics, such as porosity, surface area, and strength.

The critical micelle concentration (CMC) for a series of cationic surfactants N-Alkyltrimethylammonium i.e. (C n TAC, n=12,14,16,18) have been determined by electrical conductivity and surface tension methods. The interaction of anionic dye Eriochrome Black T (EBT) with cetyl-trimethylammonium chloride and cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC) has been investigated spectrophotometrically. The binding constant (K b ) and the surface excess (Γ) were calculated. The results show that with increasing the surfactants alkyl chain lengths, CMC and minimum area (A min ) decreases, while the surface excess concentrations increase. It has been found that the binding constant of CPC is double -fold that than of the binding constant of cetyl-trimethylammonium chloride (C 16 TAC).

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The interactions of cationic dyes (methyl violet) with anionic surfactant sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) was studied in process of solubilization. The critical micelle concentration of the SDS with and without dye was determined by spectrophotometry and specific conductometry methods. The binding constant (K b) and Gibbs free energy (∆G ͦ) were calculated at room temperature. K b was calculated by means of Benesi-Hildebrand Equation. Results obtained showed that the K b and ∆ G ͦ are found to be = 432.77 M-1 and-15.03 KJ mol-1 , respectively. The value of ∆ G ͦ indicates that the interaction of methyl violet with micelles is spontaneous.