Exploring the Chemical Profiles and Biological Values of Two Spondias Species (S. dulcis and S. mombin): Valuable Sources of Bioactive Natural Products

Abstract

Spondias species have been used in traditional medicine for different human ailments. In this study, the effect of different solvents (ethyl acetate, methanol, and water) and extraction methods (infusion, maceration, and Soxhlet extraction) on the enzyme inhibitory activity against acetylcholinesterase, butyrylcholinesterase, tyrosinase, α-amylase, α-glucosidase, and antioxidant properties of S. mombin and S. dulcis leaves and stem bark were evaluated. Ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography–high resolution mass spectrometry (UHPLC-HRMS) yield in the identification and/or annotation of 98 compounds showing that the main secondary metabolites of the plant are gallic and ellagic acids and their derivatives, ellagitannins, hydroxybenzoic, hydroxycinnamic, acylquinic acids and flavonols, flavanones, and flavanonols. The leaves infusion of both Spondias species showed highest inhibition against acetylcholinesterase (AChE) (10.10 and 10.45 mg galantamine equivalent (GALAE)/g, for S. dulcis and S. mombin, respectively). The ethyl acetate extracts of the stem bark of S. mombin and S. dulcis actively inhibited α-glucosidase. Methanolic extracts of the leaves and stem bark exhibited highest tyrosinase inhibitory action. Antioxidant activity and higher levels of phenolics were observed for the methanolic extracts of Spondias. The results suggested that the Spondias species could be considered as natural phyto-therapeutic agents in medicinal and cosmeceutical applications.

Parquetina nigrescens and Spondias mombin protects against neurochemical alterations in the scopolamine model of cognitive dysfunction

“…Elufioye et al (2017) further stated that SM leaves can be chewed with Cola acuminata seeds to enhance the memory and anti‐aging abilities of the plant. Furthermore, SM leaves are crushed along with lemon and used orally as anthelminthic agents (Sinan et al, 2021). Meanwhile, Sinan et al (2021) attributed the medicinal properties of the plant to its secondary metabolites (such as flavanonols, gallic acids derivatives, tannins, flavanones, and flavanols).…”

“…Furthermore, SM leaves are crushed along with lemon and used orally as anthelminthic agents (Sinan et al, 2021). Meanwhile, Sinan et al (2021) attributed the medicinal properties of the plant to its secondary metabolites (such as flavanonols, gallic acids derivatives, tannins, flavanones, and flavanols). The neuroprotective properties of SM methanol (50, 100, and 150 mg/kg bwt) and flavonoid‐rich (25, 50, and 75 mg/kg bwt) leave extracts against cyanide‐induced neurotoxicity in rats has also been studied and it was concluded that SM extracts offered neuroprotective effects with flavonoids implicated as the probable constituent eliciting the neuroprotective effects (Akinmoladun et al, 2021).…”

An In-Depth Study on the Metabolite Profile and Biological Properties of Primula auriculata Extracts: A Fascinating Sparkle on the Way from Nature to Functional Applications

“…A variety of O -glycosides, including 2′-hydroxyflavone, 7,4′-dihydroxyflavone, apigenin, luteolin, kaempferol, quercetin, myricetin, and acacetin derivatives were identified or tentatively annotated in the studied extracts. Hexosyl, deohyhexosyl, pentosyl, and acetylhexosyl moieties were witnessed by the neutral losses of 162.053, 146.058, 132.042, and 204.064 Da, respectively [ 43 , 44 ]. Compound 32 gave a fragment ion at m / z 415.103 and a base peak at m / z 253.050, corresponding to the consecutive losses of ethyl maleic acid and hexose ( Figure S2 ).…”

“…Thus, 32 was related to 7,4 -dihydroxyflavone O-hexoside-O-ethylmaleate (Table 2). In addition, seven diglycosides (33)(34)(35)(36)(37)(38)(39) and four triglycosides (40)(41)(42)(43) were tentatively identified in the studied Primula extracts (Table 2). Compounds 6,9,11,12,13,16,17,22,24,26,30,31,33,35,37,and 38 were identified by comparison with authentic standards.…”

Spondias sp: Shedding Light on Its Vast Pharmaceutical Potential

“…Other studies have shown the presence of important bioactive compounds in Spondias sp. such as ellagic acid [ 6 ], gallic acid, catechin, chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid [ 26 ], and isoquercetin [ 27 ], though these are in lower concentrations.…”