Exploring the differences in distributional properties between Stroop and Simon effects using delta plots

Pratte, Michael S.; Rouder, Jeffrey N.; Morey, Richard D.; Feng, Chuning

doi:10.3758/app.72.7.2013

Cited by 222 publications

(382 citation statements)

References 62 publications

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“…Systematic comparisons of RT distributions across tasks should reveal the factors that influence the time course of response activation and the generalizability of those factors. As an illustration, Pratte, Rouder, Morey, and Feng (2010) recently reported a study comparing RT distribution functions for Stroop and Simon tasks. When the colors of stimuli were responded to with left and right keypresses, the Simon effect for left-right physical locations decreased across the RT distribution, whereas the Stroop effect for correspondence of irrelevant color words with the stimulus colors increased.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reaction time distribution analysis of spatial correspondence effects

2011

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Since 1994, group reaction time (RT) distribution analyses of spatial correspondence effects have been used to evaluate the dynamics of the spatial Simon effect, a benefit of correspondence of stimulus location information with response location for tasks in which stimulus location is irrelevant. We review the history and justification for analyzing group RT distributions and clarify which conditions result in the Simon effect decreasing across the distribution and which lead to flat or increasing functions. Although the standard left-right Simon effect typically yields a function for which the effect decreases as RT increases, in most other task variations, the Simon effect remains stable or increases across the RT distribution. Studies that have used other means of evaluating the temporal dynamics of the Simon effect provide converging evidence that the changes in the Simon effect across the distribution are due mainly to temporal activation properties, an issue that has been a matter of some dispute.Keywords Correspondence effects . Delta plots . Simon effect . Stimulus-response compatibility . Time course of processing In the late 1960s and early 1970s, J. R. Simon reported the results of reaction time (RT) studies in which participants made a left or right manual response to a feature of a stimulus (e.g., red-green color of a visual stimulus) presented in a left or a right location (see Fig. 1; see, e.g., Simon & Small, 1969; see Simon, 1990, for a review). RT was shorter when stimulus and response locations corresponded than when they did not, a result called the Simon effect (Hedge & Marsh, 1975). This two-choice task has come to be prototypical, and we refer to it and the resulting Simon effect as standard. The term Simon effect has been extended to include correspondence effects for other irrelevant stimulus dimensions that overlap with, or are similar to, a response dimension (Kornblum, Hasbroucq, & Osman, 1990), but we focus on task variations that entail correspondence of spatial information and manual responses.Studies of the Simon effect and related correspondence effects focused on differences in mean RT at first (see Lu & Proctor, 1995), and these differences are still the focal point of a lot of investigations. However, beginning with De Jong, Liang, and Lauber (1994), many authors have also reported analyses of the RT distributions, dividing them into quantiles, or bins, that contain RTs in the range of percentile values (e.g., between the 50th and 60th percentiles) and measuring the Simon effect for each bin. De Jong et al. (1994) found that the Simon effect for visual tasks was largest at the short RT bins and decreased across the distribution. This result has typically been attributed to rapid activation of the response code corresponding to the irrelevant location feature, followed by decrease of that activation. But, this temporal activation account has been debated (e.g., Roswarski & Proctor, 2003;Zhang & Kornblum, 1997), and the pattern of decreasing effect size across the RT di...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reaction time distribution analysis of spatial correspondence effects

2011

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“…Lu & Proctor, 1995). We analyzed three existing Simon interference data sets including one from Von Bastian et al (2015) and two from Pratte et al (2010).…”

Section: Seven Data Setsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This set is from experiment 1 conducted by Pratte et al (2010) (Simon task). In this task, the target stimuli were the words "left" and "right".…”

Section: Data Setmentioning

confidence: 99%

Developing constraint in bayesian mixed models.

Haaf¹,

Rouder²

2017

Psychological Methods

117

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Model comparison in Bayesian mixed models is becoming popular in psychological science. Here we develop a set of nested models that account for order restrictions across individuals in psychological tasks. An order-restricted model addresses the question "Does everybody," as in "Does everybody show the usual Stroop effect," or "Does everybody respond more quickly to intense noises than subtle ones?" The crux of the modeling is the instantiation of 10s or 100s of order restrictions simultaneously, one for each participant. To our knowledge, the problem is intractable in frequentist contexts but relatively straightforward in Bayesian ones. We develop a Bayes factor model-comparison strategy using Zellner and Siow's default g-priors appropriate for assessing whether effects obey equality and order restrictions. We apply the methodology to seven data sets from Stroop, Simon, and Eriksen interference tasks. Not too surprisingly, we find that everybody Stroops-that is, for all people congruent colors are truly named more quickly than incongruent ones. But, perhaps surprisingly, we find these order constraints are violated for some people in the Simon task, that is, for these people spatially incongruent responses occur truly more quickly than congruent ones! Implications of the modeling and conjectures about the task-related differences are discussed.

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“…For the Stroop task, this means that the Stroop effect can be examined as function of RT percentile. Prior research has found that the Stroop effect is minimal for the fastest percentiles, but increases for the slowest percentiles (see Pratte, Rouder, Morey, & Feng, 2010, for a review). Thus, the difference between incongruent and congruent trials is largest for the slowest trials.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Variation in working memory capacity and cognitive control: Goal maintenance and microadjustments of control

Unsworth

Redick

Spillers

et al. 2012

Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology

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Variation in working memory capacity (WMC) and cognitive control was examined in four experiments. In the experiments high-and low-WMC individuals performed a choice reaction time task (Experiment 1), a version of the antisaccade task (Experiment 2), a version of the Stroop task (Experiment 3), and an arrow version of the flanker task (Experiment 4). An examination of response time distributions suggested that high-and low-WMC individuals primarily differed in the slowest responses in each experiment, consistent with the notion that WMC is related to active maintenance abilities. Examination of two indicators of microadjustments of control (posterror slowing and conflict adaptation effects) suggested no differences between high-and low-WMC individuals. Collectively these results suggest that variation in WMC is related to some, but not all, cognitive control operations. The results are interpreted within the executive attention theory of WMC.

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Exploring the differences in distributional properties between Stroop and Simon effects using delta plots

Cited by 222 publications

References 62 publications

Reaction time distribution analysis of spatial correspondence effects

Reaction time distribution analysis of spatial correspondence effects

Developing constraint in bayesian mixed models.

Variation in working memory capacity and cognitive control: Goal maintenance and microadjustments of control

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