Exploring the economics of large scale lithium ion and lead acid batteries performing frequency response

Biggins, Flora; Homan, Samuel; Roberts, Diarmid; Brown, Solomon

doi:10.1016/j.egyr.2021.02.058

Cited by 6 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…While the hypothetical BESS studied here are sized and operated based on the need for peaker replacement, operators would be free to take advantage of other revenue-generating activities through arbitrage and the provision of grid services. BESS can engage in a variety of revenue-generating activities, and based on available information on the size and value of these markets, we identified arbitrage and frequency regulation as the most attractive options in the near term. ,− We determined the revenue and emission impacts associated with arbitrage using a similar optimization approach to that previously described for predicting charging and discharging behavior (described in Procedure S3). In addition to arbitrage, providing grid services can serve as a source of substantial revenue for BESS.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Private and External Costs and Benefits of Replacing High-Emitting Peaker Plants with Batteries

Porzio

Wolfson

Auffhammer

et al. 2023

Environ. Sci. Technol.

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Falling costs of lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries have made them attractive for grid-scale energy storage applications. Energy storage will become increasingly important as intermittent renewable generation and more frequent extreme weather events put stress on the electricity grid. Environmental groups across the United States are advocating for the replacement of the highest-emitting power plants, which run only at times of peak demand, with Li-ion battery systems. We analyze the life-cycle cost, climate, and human health impacts of replacing the 19 highest-emitting peaker plants in California with Li-ion battery energy storage systems (BESS). Our results show that designing Li-ion BESS to replace peaker plants puts them at an economic disadvantage, even if facilities are only sized to meet 95% of the original plants’ load events and are free to engage in arbitrage. However, five of 19 potential replacements do achieve a positive net present value after including monetized climate and human health impacts. These BESS cycle far less than typical front-of-the-meter batteries and rely on the frequency regulation market for most of their revenue. All projects offer net air pollution benefits but increase net greenhouse gas emissions due to electricity demand during charging and upstream emissions from battery manufacturing.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Private and External Costs and Benefits of Replacing High-Emitting Peaker Plants with Batteries

Porzio

Wolfson

Auffhammer

et al. 2023

Environ. Sci. Technol.

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“…38,39 Industries shifting from traditional lead-acid batteries to Li-ion batteries will add value to the research related to finding an alternative usage to recycled Pb. 40,41 The accompanying nitrogen doping into the carbon network taking place during the pyrolysis of the carbon supported phthalocyanines, also plays crucial role in achievement of active ORR catalysts. 30,[42][43][44] It has been extensively reported that two types of nitrogen functional groups (pyridinic-N and graphitic-N) are mainly responsible for a direct 4e -ORR pathway.…”

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confidence: 99%

Lead and Nitrogen Co-Doped Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotube Electrocatalyst for Oxygen Reduction Reaction

Zarmehri,

Raudsepp,

Šmits

et al. 2023

J. Electrochem. Soc.

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The electrocatalysis of oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) on lead and nitrogen co-doped multi-walled carbon nanotube (Pb/N/MWCNT) composite catalyst has been investigated in the neutral, acidic and alkaline media. The mixture of lead phthalocyanine (PbPc) and MWCNTs was pyrolysed in nitrogen atmosphere to achieve co-doping of lead and nitrogen. The successful co-doping as well as formation of Pb nanoparticles were confirmed with the use of various physical and surface characterisation methods such as scanning and transmission electron microscopy, Raman spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction analysis. This work brings forth the electrocatalytic effect of Pb and nitrogen co-doping of carbon by a detailed electrochemical analysis using rotating disk electrode (RDE) method. The Pb and nitrogen co-doped MWCNT material demonstrate a reasonable electrocatalytic ORR activity in acidic, neutral and alkaline media. The results indicate great potential of Pb to be employed in electrocatalyst design as co-doping agent to achieve superior cathode catalysts for microbial, proton and anion exchange membrane fuel cells.

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Going, Going, Gone: Optimising the bidding strategy for an energy storage aggregator and its value in supporting community energy storage

2022

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Exploring the economics of large scale lithium ion and lead acid batteries performing frequency response

Cited by 6 publications

References 16 publications

Private and External Costs and Benefits of Replacing High-Emitting Peaker Plants with Batteries

Private and External Costs and Benefits of Replacing High-Emitting Peaker Plants with Batteries

Lead and Nitrogen Co-Doped Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotube Electrocatalyst for Oxygen Reduction Reaction

Going, Going, Gone: Optimising the bidding strategy for an energy storage aggregator and its value in supporting community energy storage

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