“…For example, Li and Baker (2018) found heterogeneity in behavioral patterns among learners that is expression of different levels of engagement, and different reasons why participants decide to engage (see also Walji, Deacon, Small, & Czerniewicz, 2016;Williams, Stafford, Corliss, & Reilly, 2018;Zhang, Cesar Bonafini, Lockee, Jablokow, & Hu, 2019). In sum, they conclude that in MOOCs the existence of self-defined learning pathways generates the need to apply different measures to discern the way learners are taking advantage of the content of the courses (see also Petronzi & Hadi, 2016;Reilly, Williams, Stafford, Corliss, Walkow, & Kidwell, 2016;Shapiro, Lee, C. H., Wyman Roth, Li, Çetinkaya-Rundel, & Canelas, 2017;Tseng, Tsao, Yu, Chan, & Lai, 2016).…”