IntroductionThe environmental ramifications of inadequate transport systems are well documented. Climate change is an area where the impact is particularly conspicuous [1]. Transportation is responsible for 23% of global greenhouse gas emissions [2]. Transport's contribution to global warming is quickly increasing, with travel soon expected to produce half the planet's anthropogenic carbon footprint [3]. Private automobile tailpipes will drive this phenomenon for the foreseeable future, as the number of active vehicles on earth is projected to grow from 700 million in 2000 to 2 billion by 2040 [4].Even after widespread removal of lead from fuels, the health and environmental impacts caused by transportation are enormous: Air pollution associated with transport is responsible for 3.7 million deaths each year [5] and far greater morbidity, including epidemic levels of asthma and heart disease in many urban areas [6]. In Europe, tens of thousands of deaths each year are caused by transportation-related air pollution, roughly equal to those attributable to traffic fatalities [7]. Such figures do not consider direct and indirect health effects from global warming caused in part by automotive emissions [8]. Modern automotive culture also poses economic costs. In the U.S., a 2014 study reported that 6.9 billion hours of lost time and 12 billion liters of gasoline (valued at 16 billion dollars) are wasted due to inefficient transportation systems [9].These global dynamics are observed in Israel as well. In 2009, for the first time the country commissioned a comprehensive evaluation of its greenhouse gas portfolio from international consultants, the McKinsey group [10]. Transportation then was the second largest source or emissions after electricity, contributing 26% of CO 2 released by local sources. But the report predicted that transportation's carbon footprint would steadily increase. It has. Following discoveries of major Mediterranean Sea natural gas deposits, the country is shifting its electrical production from reliance on coal to natural gas. The government has also committed to increasing energy derived from renewable sources [11]. With non-transport sources dropping, absent any significant interventions, the relative magnitude of transportation within Israel's greenhouse gas inventory is expected to increase accordingly, and could soon become the greatest single source of carbon emissions [12].In its National Climate Change Program ("INDC"), prepared for the 2015 Paris Climate Conference, Israel promised to cut greenhouse gas emissions by 24. 5-million-tons; the drop in emissions from transportation required to reach this goal was set at 12% (3 million tons of CO 2 ) [13]. Yet, little indicates that transportation will become a meaningful part of the country's climate change strategy any time soon. Rather, like the global trends, it appears that transport will increasingly be at the heart of Israel's environmental and climate crisis.This cannot be attributed to lack of proven automotive technologies and traff...