Exploring the Various Physico-chemical Parameters of Surface Water and Sediments of Dal Lake Srinagar, Kashmir

Mushtaq, Basharat; Raina, Rajni; Yousuf, A. R.; Wanganeo, Ashwani; Jehangir, Arshid

doi:10.3923/jfas.2016.391.401

Cited by 4 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…Turbidity is the cloudiness of a water body caused by suspended solids that are generally invisible to the naked eye. 14 This parameter was present throughout the course of the three monitoring periods; the highest values were obtained a few moments after precipitations, as happened in the summer season at S1 station (61 NTU) and at S10 station (85 NTU), whereas at other stations TUR was proportional to the polluting pressure, as is the case of S6 where the increase in value was caused by the Prishtina River, known as a collector of the entire Prishtina city, which always has high turbidity. The presence of turbidity in the Sitnica River shows that precipitation affects directly and rapidly the increase of turbidity, and at the same time affects the increase of erosion as well as the surface of soil and river bed.…”

Section: Turbidity (Tur)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessment of Water Quality of Sitnica River by Using Water Quality Index (Wqi)

Abazi¹,

Durmishi²,

Sallaku³

et al. 2020

RJC

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The main goal of this work is to show water quality and impacts on Sitnica River. Based on the previous studies, the main cause of the deterioration of Sitnica River water quality is anthropogenic activities, including wastewater, industrial, and agricultural discharge. This paper presents the assessment of the Sitnica River water quality by applying the Canadian Water Quality Index (WQI) in 16 monitored parameters, such as water temperature, turbidity, electrical conductivity, pH, dissolved oxygen and O 2 saturation, biochemical oxygen demand, chemical oxygen demand, etc. The parameters were measured in spring, summer, and fall, at 10 monitoring stations in the Sitnica River flow, from the spring to its confluence with the Ibër River. Based on the results obtained according to WQI, Sitnica's water quality varies from WQI-46 to WQI-95. The average WQI for the whole measurement period has resulted to be 63.5, meaning that the water of Sitnica River belongs to the marginal category. This indicates that the river has poor quality due to the effect of pollutants from various sources. This confirms the urgent need to undertake serious actions in monitoring the river and in managing it properly.

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Section: Turbidity (Tur)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessment of Water Quality of Sitnica River by Using Water Quality Index (Wqi)

Abazi¹,

Durmishi²,

Sallaku³

et al. 2020

RJC

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“…Thus, bottom sediments contribute to the transformation of pollutants when they enter surface water bodies. If the self-purification process prevails in the aquatic environment, then biogenic substances, heavy metals, and organic pollutants in the suspended solids' composition (mineral particles, detritus, organic remains of organisms) pass from the aqueous phase into bottom sediments, accumulating in them (Avila-Pérez et al, 1999;Mushtaq et al, 2015). Therefore, the chemicals' concentration in bottom sediments is several orders of magnitude higher than in water (Crompton, 2001).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This process is very essential for the environment since the chemicals become inactive and biologically inaccessible. The duration of pollutants' conservation in bottom sediments depends on their chemical stability, and physicochemical and biochemical properties of the substrates where they are deposited (Mushtaq et al, 2015). The migration of many chemicals from bottom sediments into the overlying water depends on some factors.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Metals and biogenic substances’ migration ability in the «bottom sediments – water» system under natural and experimental conditions

Linnik,

Zhezherya,

Zhezherya

2024

Journ. Geol., Geogr., and Geoec..

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The paper considers the results of long-term studies on some chemical elements’ migration (Al, Fe, Ti, Mn, Cu, Zn, Pb, N, P, Si) in the «bottom sediments – water» system of surface water bodies under the effect of different aquatic environment factors. The greatest effect is made by water bodies’ oxygen regime, pH, and presence of dissolved organic substances, in particular humic substances. The migration of manganese, iron, inorganic nitrogen and phosphorus from bottom sediments is controlled mostly by oxygen regime. Migration of these chemical elements significantly increases, when there is oxygen deficiency and anaerobic conditions are formed in the bottom water layer. It has been observed in both natural and experimental conditions. Man- ganese concentration increases in bottom water in 25–50 times, iron – in 1.3–13, inorganic nitrogen – in 5.3–19.3, and inorganic phosphorus – in 2.8–23 times. The dissolved oxygen concentration hardly has any effect on the migration of aluminium, titanium, copper, zinc, lead, and silicon from bottom sediments into the water. The chemical elements’ migration is significantly affected by a decrease in pH of water contacting with bottom sediments and the presence of humic substances in it. High humic substances concentrations promote a reduction in water pH and oxygen content, which is consumed for their oxidation. A case study of several water bodies illustrates the cumulative effect of water pH lowering, anaerobic conditions at the solid and liquid phases’ interface, as well as complexation with humic substances on chemical elements’ migration from bottom sediments. Experimental modeling has shown that the metal migration from bottom sediments occurs both due to their labile fractions and complex compounds with dissolved organic matter, especially with humic substances of low molecular weight (≤2.0 kDa). The share of the metal labile fraction gets higher, when water pH decreases. Under recent climate change, the probability of water’s secondary pollution with different chemicals increases significantly in summer. This is mainly caused by oxygen deficiency, water pH lowering, and reducing conditions at the «bottom sediments – water» interface with hydrogen sulphide being formed. This is especially true for highly eutrophic water bodies subject to human impact. The aquatic environment toxicity can get considerably higher due to the migration of chemicals with strong toxic properties from bottom sediments, as well as labile metal fractions, marked by higher bioavailability for hydrobionts.

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