Export patterns: Typology development and application to Estonian data

SME internationalization research: Mapping the state of the art

“…Finally, despite the studies found regarding deinternationalization (e.g., Crick, 2004;Vissak & Masso, 2015), there is a lack of research on export withdrawal, divestitures, backshoring, nearshoring, and re-internationalization. This is indeed a challenging topic to cover not only due to the intricacies of its definition (Benito & Welch, 1997;Calof & Beamish, 1995;Chetty, 1999;Welch & Luostarinen, 1988) but also due to the problem of defining research methodologies capable of collecting data on the subject.…”

Failure processes of old manufacturing firms in different European countries

“…Also, currently the internationalization context of firms is captured by a single variable, namely whether a firm has been engaged in exporting during the last five years of existence. As numerous different internationalization patterns exist (e.g., Vissak and Masso, 2015), such a diversity could be taken into account in further analysis. Still, as in the current analysis, there is a relatively small number of exporting firms (namely 192; see Appendix 4), the dataset is too small to take such internationalization differences into account.…”

“…There is a multitude of evidence about the process of withdrawal from foreign markets (e.g., Pauwels and Mathyssens, 1999;Turcan, 2003;Crick, 2004), but such studies do not rely emphasis on failure. Still, de-internationalization cannot be automatically considered a failure (Vissak et al, 2012;Vissak and Francioni, 2013) and it has been shown that nonlinear internationalization (i.e., multiple consecutive enters and full or partial retreats from foreign markets) can be a highly frequent phenomenon among firms (Vissak and Masso, 2015). Vissak and Masso (2015) showed on the whole population of Estonian firms that full deinternationalization is a rare process among all exporters, thus it can be deduced that deinternationalization ending with bankruptcy is even more rare among the population of all firms.…”

A born global’s radical, gradual and nonlinear internationalization: A case from Belarus

“…During re-internationalization -advancing steps after de-internationalization (Luostarinen 1994) -some firms re-enter all markets completely (Welch/Welch 2009; Javalgi/Deligonul/Dixit/Cavusgil 2011) but some enter different markets (Pauwels/Matthyssens 1999;Crick 2004;Matthyssens/Pauwels 2004;Javalgi et al 2011;Freeman et al 2013). Some firms -serial nonlinear internationalizers -de-and re-internationalize several times (Vissak/Francioni 2013;Vissak/Masso 2015) and use combinations of entry and exit strategies (Axinn/Matthyssens 2002). Changes in a firm's internationalization path can be caused by the need to adapt its strategy due "to changes in the firm and in the external environment" (Trudgen/Freeman 2014: 557) including changed economic policies and conditions (Akhter/Choudry 1993;Turner 2012;Figueira-de-Lemos/Hadjikhani 2014;Gnizy/Shoham 2014;Vissak 2014): for instance, competition (Javalgi et al 2011), demand or exchange rates (Welch/Wiedersheim-Paul 1980).…”

“…This topic needs more research attention as such firms cannot grow very fast/radically forever. Consequently, born globals that have slowed internationalization down, exited or re-entered markets (Jones/Coviello/Tang 2011;Freeman/Deligonul/Cavusgil 2013;Nummela/Saarenketo/Loane 2016;Sleuwaegen/Onkelinx 2014) or done this several times like serial nonlinear internationalizers (Vissak/Francioni 2013;Vissak/Masso 2015) still need considerable research attention.…”