Exposure Time and age Links Parasitism, Emergence and Development of Pupal Parasitoid Dirhinus giffardii Against Bactrocera zonata

Abstract

The parasitism, emergence and development of pupal parasitoid, Dirhinus giffardii (Silvestri) was assessed against the pupae of the fruit fly, Bactrocera zonata (Saunders), under laboratory conditions. The fruit fly and D. giffardii were reared in glass cages on the artificial diet, and a known number of different 1-hour (fresh), 1-day, 2-day, 3-day and 4-day old pupae were offered to the respective parasitoids for a period of 6, 12, 18 and 24 hours. It was noted that the parasitism was increased gradually with an increase in pupal age and exposure time. The highest parasitism occurred on 3-day old pupae followed by 4-day, 2-day, 1-day and 1 hour (fresh) old pupae. The studies also manifested that exposure time and host age have a significant effect on the oviposition, per female parasitism, percent parasitism, emergence and development of pupal parasitoid, D. giffardii. The average developmental time of parasitoid was recorded significantly longer in 1-hour (fresh) old pupae than in the older pupae. The study revealed that D. giffardii is a virtuous candidate for the biological control of B. zonata and the pupae of B. zonata might be the perfect host for laboratory rearing of this parasitoid.

Effect of Host Pupae Age and Depth in Plant Debris on the Searching Efficiency of Pupal Parasitoid Dirhinus giffardii (Silvestri) on Oriental Fruit Fly Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel)

“…These observations are in accordance with a study which showed that by increasing exposure time and pupal age of peach fruit fly gradually increased the parasitism. Hence, supporting our findings, maximum parasitism was in three days old pupae, also indicating a positive correlation of increasing age with oviposition, development, emergence and parasitism of parasitoid pupa (Awais et al, 2020a).…”

Pathogenicity of mycoproteins of Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium anisopliae to Bactrocera zonata

“…To avoid this, many management techniques were used in the past. These include cultural control (Reddy et al, 2020), Mechanical control (bagging) (Karar et al, 2019), physical control (Soto-Reyes et al, 2018; Hasan et al, 2020), Behavioral control (Khan et al, 2020), food baiting techniques (Nisar et al, 2020), Male annihilation techniques (Khan and Naveed, 2017), sterile insect techniques (Sarwar, 2018), biological control (Awais et al, 2020), use of plant extracts (Saddam et al, 2019), use of synthetic insecticides (Khan et al, 2018), Use of Nanoparticles (Farooq et al, 2019) and use of entomopathogenic fungi (Shahzad et al, 2019).…”